Sodium valproate compared to phenytoin in treatment of status epilepticus

Amiri-Nikpour, Mohammad Reza; Nazarbaghi, Surena; Eftekhari, Parisa; Mohammadi, Sedra; Dindarian, Sina; Bagheri, Mahdi; Mohammadi, Hozan

doi:10.1002/brb3.951

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In a class III study of 110 adults with established SE, control was 78% for VPA 30 mg/kg versus 71% for PHT 20 mg/kg ( P = NS). 163 Mundlamuri et al reported a class III study of 150 adults with established CSE, 29% of whom progressed to RSE. 10 After first receiving 4 to 6 mg of LZP, patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a loading dose of LEV 25 mg/kg, PHT 20 mg/kg, or VPA 30 mg/kg.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus: A Comprehensive Review by the American Epilepsy Society Treatments Committee

et al. 2020

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Purpose: Established tonic–clonic status epilepticus (SE) does not stop in one-third of patients when treated with an intravenous (IV) benzodiazepine bolus followed by a loading dose of a second antiseizure medication (ASM). These patients have refractory status epilepticus (RSE) and a high risk of morbidity and death. For patients with convulsive refractory status epilepticus (CRSE), we sought to determine the strength of evidence for 8 parenteral ASMs used as third-line treatment in stopping clinical CRSE. Methods: A structured literature search (MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, CINAHL) was performed to identify original studies on the treatment of CRSE in children and adults using IV brivaracetam, ketamine, lacosamide, levetiracetam (LEV), midazolam (MDZ), pentobarbital (PTB; and thiopental), propofol (PRO), and valproic acid (VPA). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), magnesium sulfate, and pyridoxine were added to determine the effectiveness in treating hard-to-control seizures in special circumstances. Studies were evaluated by predefined criteria and were classified by strength of evidence in stopping clinical CRSE (either as the last ASM added or compared to another ASM) according to the 2017 American Academy of Neurology process. Results: No studies exist on the use of ACTH, corticosteroids, or IVIg for the treatment of CRSE. Small series and case reports exist on the use of these agents in the treatment of RSE of suspected immune etiology, severe epileptic encephalopathies, and rare epilepsy syndromes. For adults with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists on the effectiveness of brivaracetam (level U; 4 class IV studies). For children and adults with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists on the effectiveness of ketamine (level U; 25 class IV studies). For children and adults with CRSE, it is possible that lacosamide is effective at stopping RSE (level C; 2 class III, 14 class IV studies). For children with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists that LEV and VPA are equally effective (level U, 1 class III study). For adults with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support the effectiveness of LEV (level U; 2 class IV studies). Magnesium sulfate may be effective in the treatment of eclampsia, but there are only case reports of its use for CRSE. For children with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support either that MDZ and diazepam infusions are equally effective (level U; 1 class III study) or that MDZ infusion and PTB are equally effective (level U; 1 class III study). For adults with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support either that MDZ infusion and PRO are equally effective (level U; 1 class III study) or that low-dose and high-dose MDZ infusions are equally effective (level U; 1 class III study). For children and adults with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support that MDZ is effective as the last drug added (level U; 29 class IV studies). For adults with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support that PTB and PRO are equally effective (level U; 1 class III study). For adults and children with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support that PTB is effective as the last ASM added (level U; 42 class IV studies). For CRSE, insufficient evidence exists to support that PRO is effective as the last ASM used (level U; 26 class IV studies). No pediatric-only studies exist on the use of PRO for CRSE, and many guidelines do not recommend its use in children aged <16 years. Pyridoxine-dependent and pyridoxine-responsive epilepsies should be considered in children presenting between birth and age 3 years with refractory seizures and no imaging lesion or other acquired cause of seizures. For children with CRSE, insufficient evidence exists that VPA and diazepam infusion are equally effective (level U, 1 class III study). No class I to III studies have been reported in adults treated with VPA for CRSE. In comparison, for children and adults with established convulsive SE (ie, not RSE), after an initial benzodiazepine, it is likely that loading doses of LEV 60 mg/kg, VPA 40 mg/kg, and fosphenytoin 20 mg PE/kg are equally effective at stopping SE (level B, 1 class I study). Conclusions: Mostly insufficient evidence exists on the efficacy of stopping clinical CRSE using brivaracetam, lacosamide, LEV, valproate, ketamine, MDZ, PTB, and PRO either as the last ASM or compared to others of these drugs. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, IVIg, corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate, and pyridoxine have been used in special situations but have not been studied for CRSE. For the treatment of established convulsive SE (ie, not RSE), LEV, VPA, and fosphenytoin are likely equally effective, but whether this is also true for CRSE is unknown. Triple-masked, randomized controlled trials are needed to compare the effectiveness of parenteral anesthetizing and nonanesthetizing ASMs in the treatment of CRSE.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus: A Comprehensive Review by the American Epilepsy Society Treatments Committee

et al. 2020

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“…A total of 659 records was identified by database and trial registers searching (303 MEDLINE, 285 CENTRAL, 21 Opengrey.eu, and 50 ClinicalTrials.gov). After excluding duplicates and reading title and abstracts, 6 RCTs were initially included [13][14][15][16][17][18]. One study comparing VPA with PHT [13] was eventually excluded, as it provided data on SE control within 7 days of administration and this time cut-off was considered to be too long to be clinically meaningful.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intravenous antiepileptic drugs in adults with benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Brigo

Giovane

Nardone

et al. 2019

Epilepsy & Behavior

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The aim of this study was to estimate the comparative efficacy and safety of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in adults with benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus (SE). Methods: MEDLINE, CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials.gov and Opengrey.eu were searched (from inception to 3 rd April, 2018) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of AEDs used intravenously to treat benzodiazepine-resistant SE in adults. Efficacy outcomes were: SE cessation within 1 hour from drug administration; seizure freedom at 24 hours. Safety outcomes were: respiratory depression; hypotension. Effect sizes were estimated by network meta-analyses within a frequentist framework. The hierarchy of competing interventions was established using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) and mean ranks. Results: Five RCTs were considered, involving 349 patients. Included interventions were valproate (VPA; 20-30 mg/kg), phenytoin (PHT; 20 mg/kg), diazepam (DZP; 0.2 mg/kg, then 4 mg/h), phenobarbital (PHB; 20 mg/kg, then 100 mg every 6 h), lacosamide (LCM; 400 mg) and levetiracetam (LEV; 20 mg/kg). PHB was superior to PHT, VPA, DZP, LEV and LCM with respect to SE cessation and performed better than VPA, DZP and LCM in the achievement of seizure freedom at 24 hours. No differences were noted between drugs in the occurrence of respiratory depression and hypotension. According to SUCRA, PHB had the greatest probabilities of being best in the achievement of SE control and seizure freedom, whereas VPA and LCM ranked best for the safety outcomes. Conclusions: Our study suggests that high-dose PHB is effective in controlling SE and preventing seizure recurrence, and LCM and VPA could be better tolerated options. Further head-to-head comparative studies are strongly required to provide more definitive evidence.

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“…The pooled RR for the cessation of seizures (10 RCTs, n = 1,012) ( 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ) was statistically significant (RR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.82–0.97) (Fig. 3A ), showing the superior effect of other medications compared to PHT.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We identified 1,103 studies from the electronic databases, and 1,090 studies were excluded because they were not RCTs. Finally, the full texts of 13 studies were reviewed, and 10 studies 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 were included in the final analysis (Fig. 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenytoin versus other antiepileptic drugs as treatments for status epilepticus in adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Hoshiyama

Kumasawa

Uchida

et al. 2022

Acute Medicine & Surgery

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Aim Status epilepticus (SE) is a life‐threatening neurological emergency. There is insufficient evidence regarding which antiepileptic therapy is most effective in patients with benzodiazepine‐refractory convulsive SE. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate intravenous phenytoin (PHT) and other intravenous antiepileptic medications for SE. Methods We searched PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Igaku Chuo Zasshi for published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in humans up to August 2019. We compared outcomes between intravenous PHT and other intravenous medications. The important primary composite outcomes were the successful clinical cessation of seizures, mortality, and neurological outcomes at discharge. The reliability of the level of evidence for each outcome was compared using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Results A total of 1,103 studies were identified from the databases, and 10 RCTs were included in the analysis. The ratio of successful clinical seizure cessation was significantly lower (risk ratio [RR] 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82–0.97) for patients treated with intravenous PHT than with other medications. When we compared mortality and neurological outcomes at discharge, we observed no significant differences between patients treated with PHT and those treated with other medications. The RRs were 1.07 (95% CI, 0.55–2.08) and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.72–1.15) for mortality and neurological outcomes at discharge, respectively. Conclusions Our findings showed that intravenous PHT was significantly inferior to other medications in terms of the cessation of seizures. No significant differences were observed in mortality or neurological outcomes between PHT and other medications.

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Sodium valproate compared to phenytoin in treatment of status epilepticus

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Treatment of Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus: A Comprehensive Review by the American Epilepsy Society Treatments Committee

Treatment of Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus: A Comprehensive Review by the American Epilepsy Society Treatments Committee

Intravenous antiepileptic drugs in adults with benzodiazepine-resistant convulsive status epilepticus: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Phenytoin versus other antiepileptic drugs as treatments for status epilepticus in adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis

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