Soft X‐ray spectroscopy from image sequences with sub‐100 nm spatial resolution

Jacobsen,; Wirick,; Flynn, Damian; Zimba,

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2818.2000.00640.x

Cited by 340 publications

(248 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The transmission images were converted to OD images by normalization to the incident photon flux measured with the same detector (moving the beam to a position without sample). NEXAFS spectra of the undamaged and damaged regions were acquired using an image sequence 25 with much lower photon flux. The procedure for evaluating the radiation dose in STXM was presented elsewhere.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Evaluation of Radiation Damage to Polyethylene Terephthalate by Soft X-rays and High-energy Electrons

et al. 2009

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The chemical changes and absolute rates in radiation damage to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) caused by soft X-rays and energetic electrons have been measured using a scanning transmission X-ray microscope (STXM). Electron beam damage at two different dose rates and a range of doses was performed in an 80 keV transmission electron microscope (TEM). The STXM beam was used to create damage patterns with systematically varied doses of monochromatic soft X-rays on an adjacent piece of the same PET sample. NEXAFS spectroscopy at the C 1s and O 1s edges was used to study the chemistry of the radiation damage and to determine quantitative critical doses for PET damage by both types of radiation. The spectral changes were similar for damage by electrons and X-rays, indicating the radiation chemistry is dominated by secondary processes, not the primary event. The critical dose for chemical changes determined from C 1s spectral features is 4.2(6) × 10 8 Gy and was the same for soft X-rays and electrons within measurement uncertainties. The critical dose for specific damage processes (as defined by changes in several different, bond-specific spectral features) was found to be similar in the C 1s region and was comparable between C 1s and O 1s edges for electron beam damage. There were statistically different critical doses for soft X-ray damage as probed by changes in O 1s spectral features related to carbonyl and ester bonds.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Evaluation of Radiation Damage to Polyethylene Terephthalate by Soft X-rays and High-energy Electrons

et al. 2009

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“…a series of images at closely spaced energy steps (Jacobsen et al, 2000). These image stacks were taken in energy steps of 0.15 eV in the range of 284-292.5 eV and in 0.3 eV steps in the range of 280-284 and 292.5-320 eV, respectively at the carbon K-edge (C K-edge).…”

Section: Stxm-nexafs Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging induced changes on NEXAFS fingerprints in individual combustion particles

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Soot particles can significantly influence the Earth's climate by absorbing and scattering solar radiation as well as by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. However, despite their environmental (as well as economic and political) importance, the way these properties are affected by atmospheric processing of the combustion exhaust gases is still a subject of discussion. In this work, individual soot particles emitted from two different vehicles, a EURO 2 transporter, a EURO 3 passenger car, and a wood stove were investigated on a single-particle basis. The emitted exhaust, including the particulate and the gas phase, was processed in a smog chamber with artificial solar radiation. Single particle specimens of both unprocessed and aged soot were characterized using near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) and scanning electron microscopy. Comparison of NEXAFS spectra from the unprocessed particles and those resulting from exhaust photooxidation in the chamber revealed changes in the carbon functional group content. For the wood stove emissions, these changes were minor, related to the relatively mild oxidation conditions. For the EURO 2 transporter emissions, the most apparent change was that of carboxylic carbon from oxidized organic compounds condensing on the primary soot particles. For the EURO 3 car emissions oxidation of primary soot particles upon photochemical aging has likely contributed as well. Overall, Correspondence to: M. Ammann (markus.ammann@psi.ch) the changes in the NEXAFS fingerprints were in qualitative agreement with data from an aerosol mass spectrometer. Furthermore, by taking full advantage of our in situ microreactor concept, we show that the soot particles from all three combustion sources changed their ability to take up water under humid conditions upon photochemical aging of the exhaust. Due to the selectivity and sensitivity of the NEXAFS technique for the water mass, also small amounts of water taken up into the internal voids of agglomerated particles could be detected. Because such small amounts of water uptake do not lead to measurable changes in particle diameter, it may remain beyond the limits of volume growth measurements, especially for larger agglomerated particles.

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“…27 Synchrotron-based techniques have also been applied to study the clay−organic interaction. 28 In particular, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), acquired in a scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) mode, 29,30 has been performed on carbon-rich regions of clay mineral particles extracted from oil sands, and the bound organics were identified as being primarily aromatic. 31 To further characterize clay−organic complexes present in solvent-diluted bitumen products, there is a need for spatially resolved analysis of the carbon at the nanometer scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Electron Microscopy of Carbon-Rich Mineral Aggregates in Solvent-Diluted Bitumen Products from Mined Alberta Oil Sands

Couillard

Mercier

2016

Energy Fuels

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Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n'arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team atPublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to email the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. For the publisher's version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l'éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b00708Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at Analytical electron microscopy of carbon-rich mineral aggregates in solvent-diluted bitumen products from mined Alberta oil sands Couillard, Martin; Mercier, Patrick H. J.http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/fra/droits L'accès à ce site Web et l'utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D'UTILISER CE SITE WEB. NRC Publications Record / Notice d'Archives des publications de CNRC:http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/view/object/?id=f58fe631-e095-4385-a137-d555a1f0972d http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=f58fe631-e095-4385-a137-d555a1f0972d ABSTRACT: Contaminant solids in solvent-diluted bitumen product obtained by solvent extraction and solids agglomeration (SESA) of Alberta oil sands are characterized using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). In particular, the distribution of carbon present in these contaminant solids is determined from spatially resolved spectroscopy. Three distinct types of carbon-rich particles are identified and consist of carbonate minerals, micrometer-sized particles of toluene-insoluble organic carbon, and clay aggregates containing toluene-insoluble organic carbon. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) maps confirm the presence of carbonates, in addition to other minerals, whose abundances are determined by a recently developed quantitative phase analysis methodology. Carbonaceous micrometer-sized particles with detectable amounts of oxygen and sulfur also appear in the elemental maps and suggest the presence of bitumen-unrelated organic materials. Finally, EDX maps also suggest an intricate sub-micrometer association of carbon with clay minerals. To map the distribution of light elements and transition metals in these clay aggregates, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EEL...

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Soft X‐ray spectroscopy from image sequences with sub‐100 nm spatial resolution

Cited by 340 publications

References 27 publications

Quantitative Evaluation of Radiation Damage to Polyethylene Terephthalate by Soft X-rays and High-energy Electrons

Quantitative Evaluation of Radiation Damage to Polyethylene Terephthalate by Soft X-rays and High-energy Electrons

Aging induced changes on NEXAFS fingerprints in individual combustion particles

Analytical Electron Microscopy of Carbon-Rich Mineral Aggregates in Solvent-Diluted Bitumen Products from Mined Alberta Oil Sands

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