“…The effectiveness of GWO and its variants enables it to successfully tackle a wide range of real-world applications. This include electrical and electronic engineering [147], [148], [185], renewable energy [226], [181], [195], networking and communication [214], [186], mechanical engineering [220], [130], medical applications [227], [67], classification [228], [157], [229], [173], [85], chemical engineering [230], [231], petroleum engineering [129], [215], industrial engineering [232], [219], software engineering [65], civil engineering [233], [234], geotechnical & geoenvironmental Engineering [235], [236], planing & scheduling [170], [110], robotics [237], [127], image processing [238], [239], [240], and mathematical functions [123], [241], and others [242], [243], [244].…”