Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Wang, Jun; Luo, Yongming; Teng, Ying; Ma, Wenting; Christie, Peter; Li, Zhengao

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.036

Cited by 313 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In soils, the main anthropogenic sources of phthalic acid esters originate from agricultural films (Wang et al 2013a); agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides and fertilizers (Wang et al 2013b;Guo and Kannan 2012); waste water irrigation and biosolids fertilization (Cai et al 2007), and industrial emissions (Weschler et al 2008;Zhu et al 2010) which was one of the phthalic acid ester sources but not the main route for agricultural soil. Phthalic acid esters from these sources are further distributed in the environment through various biogeochemical cycling processes supported by the soil (Fig.…”

Section: Source Of Phthalic Acid Esters In Agricultural Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination and remediation of phthalic acid esters in agricultural soils in China: a review

He¹,

Gielen²,

Bolan³

et al. 2014

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

236

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Phthalic acid esters have been used as plasticizers in numerous products and classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds. As China is one of the largest consumers of phthalic acid esters, some human activities may lead to the accumulation of phthalic acid esters in soil and result in contamination. Therefore, it is necessary for us to understand the current contamination status and to identify appropriate remediation technologies. Here, we reviewed the potential sources, distribution, and contamination status of phthalic acid esters in soil. We then described the ecological effect and human risk of phthalic acid esters and finally provided technologies to remediate phthalic acid esters. We found that (1) the application of plastic agricultural films, municipal biosolids, agricultural chemicals, and wastewater irrigation have been identified as the main sources for phthalic acid ester contamination in agricultural soil; (2) the distribution of phthalic acid esters in soils is determined by factors such as anthropogenic behaviors, soil type, properties of phthalic acid esters, seasonal variation, etc.; (3) the concentrations of phthalic acid esters in soil in most regions of China are exceeding the recommended values of soil cleanup guidelines used by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), causing phthalic acid ester in soils to contaminate vegetables; (4) phthalic acid esters are toxic to soil microbes and enzymes; and (5) phthalic acid ester-contaminated soil can be remedied by degradation, phytoremediation, and adsorption.

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Section: Source Of Phthalic Acid Esters In Agricultural Soilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contamination and remediation of phthalic acid esters in agricultural soils in China: a review

He¹,

Gielen²,

Bolan³

et al. 2014

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

236

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The groundwater table was monitored in an observation well located at the experimental base, it was approximately 8.0 m below the ground surface during the experimental year. that were amended with sludge were higher than those without sludge; and DEHP and DnBP were often the most abundant compounds [10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Irrigation with wastewater and reclaimed water has been promoted in arid and semi-arid areas due to water shortages [25,26].…”

Section: Site Description and Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of PAEs in soil and vegetables under plastic film were 0.15~18.8 mg/kg and 0.51~7.16 mg/kg, respectively; the concentrations of PAEs in soil and vegetables in greenhouses ranged from 0.14 to 4.9 mg/kg and 0.15 to 6.94 mg/kg, respectively; the concentrations of PAEs in soils collected from film mulching fields and greenhouse fields were higher than those from fields where no film was used; the concentrations of PAEs in soil and radish that were amended with sludge were higher than those without sludge; and DEHP and DnBP were often the most abundant compounds [10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Huang

et al. 2018

Water

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Waste/reclaimed irrigation water has been promoted due to water shortages in arid and semi-arid areas. However, this process may be one of the sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soils, and the potential risks of PAEs for soil ecosystems and human health have attracted considerable attention. A two-year (from October 2014 to October 2016) field experiment was conducted to assess the contamination risk of PAEs from reclaimed irrigation water in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and summer maize (Zea mays L.) fields on the North China Plain. Three types of irrigation water quality were arranged for each variety, including reclaimed water, groundwater, and a mixture of reclaimed water and groundwater (1:1, v/v). The results indicate that the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in topsoil ranged from 2.79 to 5.34 mg/kg at the time of crop harvest. There was no significant effect of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in the soil. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the most abundant contaminants in all soil samples, accounting for 43.2%~68.7% and 27.1%~48.6%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The levels of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and DnBP in all soil samples exceeded the allowable soil concentrations, but the levels were far below the recommended soil cleanup objectives. The grain yields of winter wheat and summer maize ranged from 4.35 to 7.1 t/ha and 1.03 to 6.46 t/ha, respectively. There were no significant effects of reclaimed water on the growth characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat (p > 0.05); however, the effect of reclaimed irrigation water on summer maize was influenced by climate. The concentrations of the 6 PAEs in wheat grain and maize grain ranged from 1.03 to 4.05 mg/kg and from 0.37 to 3.29 mg/kg, respectively. For the same variety, there was no significant difference in the concentrations of the 6 PAEs in cereal grains among different treatments (p > 0.05). DEHP and DnBP were the most abundant components in most crop samples, accounting for 31.6%~77.9% and 21.1%~64.7%, respectively, of the 6 PAEs. The concentrations of the PAEs, DnBP and DEHP in cereal grains were lower than those in the reference doses. The BCFs of the 6 PAEs and of each PAE in cereal grains were 0.43~1.25 and 0.33~35.75, respectively. The BCFs of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were the highest (1.41~35.75), followed by DMP and DEHP. There were almost no significant differences in the BCFs of each PAE among the three treatments. The total carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 2.82 × 10 −5 for adults and 1.81 × 10 −5 for children. The total non-carcinogenic risks of PAEs were 3.37 × 10 −1 for adults and 7.98 × 10 −1 for children. DHEP was the dominant contributor to both risks, and the intake of cereals was the main exposure pathway for the two risks. In conclusion, there were no significant effects of reclaimed irrigation water on the concentrations of PAEs in soil and cereal grains compared with groundwater irrigation, and the human health risks were within ...

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“…Air is an important medium that cannot be ignored, as it relates to the uptake of PAEs by humans. Hospitals use a wealth of plastic infusion bags, blood bags, plastic film, injectors, and rubber tubing that often contain many types of PAEs (Afshari et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2013;Pors & Fuhlendorff, 2001;Peters, 2003); therefore, hospital air inevitably contains undesirable levels of many PAEs. In addition, aside from the effects of PAEs on medical workers themselves, a large group of patients, especially babies and pregnant women, have weak immune systems and may easily suffer adverse reactions to PAEs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can increase a product's ductility and plasticity, and are applied in hundreds of different fields, primarily in the production of wallpaper, flooring, and in packaging material for food, plastic film, blood bags, and rubber tubing (Afshari et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2013;Pors & Fuhlendorff, 2001;Peters, 2003). Because PAEs are not chemically bound as parts of chemical compounds in products, various products continuously emit PAEs over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

Wang

Song

Guo

et al. 2015

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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The concentrations of phthalate esters (PAEs) in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas-and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration Meanwhile, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.

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Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Cited by 313 publications

References 30 publications

Contamination and remediation of phthalic acid esters in agricultural soils in China: a review

Contamination and remediation of phthalic acid esters in agricultural soils in China: a review

Assessing the Risk of Phthalate Ester (PAE) Contamination in Soils and Crops Irrigated with Treated Sewage Effluent

Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

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