Solar Probes

Abstract

The Soviet Deputy Premier, Mr. Anastas Mikoyan, is reported to have stated recently that Russia has a missile ready to “visit the Sun.“The Russians have been achieving a notable series of “firsts” in space exploration, and this statement may have led some to speculate on whether they will be the first to reach the Sun.It is, of course, strictly impossible to talk in terms of hitting or reaching the Sun, as it has no solid surface. Indeed the streams of matter and radiation it emits travel out into space beyond the orbit of our planet. However, for practical purposes the Sun is opaque over a diameter of just under a million miles, and this constitutes a generally agreed boundary for purposes of such a study as this.Conditions on the bodies that constitute the Solar system are dominated by the Sun, and this alone would justify the continued examination of its behaviour. Additional justification is provided by the fundamental knowledge of matter obtained through observing the Sun and its radiated energy.

Advanced Nanomechanical Test Techniques

“…where x is a constant and Er is the reduced indentation modulus. Prior to the development of nanoindentation, a plasticity index was proposed that related the deformation in rough contacts to the ratio of Er/H multiplied by a geometric factor [25]. This original plasticity index is a general surface texture parameter that combines material and topographic properties of solids in contact.…”

“…This original plasticity index is a general surface texture parameter that combines material and topographic properties of solids in contact. The equation originally developed by Greenwood and Williamson [25] is shown in Eqn. 10.…”

Structure and properties of fine metallic particles

“…78 But the properties of FMP were analyzed in the greatest detail by Kubo 79 ' 80 and by Gor'kov and Eliashberg. 81 Kubo assumed initially that the distribution of electronic levels in particles is purely random, and he introduced a phenomenological probability density for their distribution.…”