Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Administering Antioxidant Grape Seed-Derived Polyphenol Compounds: A Potential Application in Aquaculture

Abstract

The supply of nutrients, such as antioxidant agents, to fish cells still represents a challenge in aquaculture. In this context, we investigated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) composed of a combination of Gelucire® 50/13 and Precirol® ATO5 to administer a grape seed extract (GSE) mixture containing several antioxidant compounds. The combination of the two lipids for the SLN formation resulted in colloids exhibiting mean particle sizes in the range 139–283 nm and zeta potential values in the range +25.6–43.4 mV. Raman spectra and X-ray diffraction evidenced structural differences between the free GSE and GSE-loaded SLN, leading to the conclusion that GSE alters the structure of the lipid nanocarriers. From a biological viewpoint, cell lines from gilthead seabream and European sea bass were exposed to different concentrations of GSE-SLN for 24 h. In general, at appropriate concentrations, GSE-SLN increased the viability of the fish cells. Furthermore, regarding the gene expression in those cells, the expression of antioxidant genes was upregulated, whereas the expression of hsp70 and other genes related to the cytoskeleton was downregulated. Hence, an SLN formulation containing Gelucire® 50/13/Precirol® ATO5 and GSE may represent a compelling platform for improving the viability and antioxidant properties of fish cells.

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Dopamine and Grape Seed Extract: Freeze-Drying with Cryoprotection as a Formulation Strategy to Achieve Nasal Powders

“…The bands at 1128 and 1062 cm −1 can be attributed, respectively, to the C-C symmetric and antisymmetric stretching vibrations, and it allowed for the calculation of the I 1115 /I 1050 cm −1 ratio referring to the fluidity within the hydrocarbon chains (Table 2). In the Raman spectra of the SLNs, bands in the region between 800 and 850 cm −1 were found and ascribed to twisting and rocking vibrations [21,23]. In the lyophilized plain SLNs, DA-co-GSE-SLNs-sucrose and GSE-ads-DA-SLNs, the same Raman pattern of the lipid Gelucire was detected, and interestingly, no band intensity change was noticed.…”

“…As for the investigation aimed to evidence possible interactions with nasal fluids of cryoprotected SLNs, we have recently reported that a useful approach is based on the use of Raman spectroscopy [21], herein applied on the freeze-dried SLNs as such and after incubation in the SNF medium. In particular, as mentioned above, it has been shown that the I 2890 /I 2850 ratio is an indication of chain packing and conformational disorder, while the I 1115 /I 1050 cm −1 ratio refers to the fluidity within the hydrocarbon chains [21]. In the case herein examined, interaction with SNF is based on band deformation observed in the ranges 800-940 cm −1 , 1000-1200 cm −1 , 1230-1350 cm− 1 and 2800-3000 cm −1 , leading to a flattened shape, probably due to the presence of the SNF.…”

“…The Raman spectra of the lipid Gelucire ® , plain lyophilized SLNs, with or without cryoprotectant-SLNs, are shown in Figure 3 (traces a-h). In Table 2, the formulations were listed concerning the evaluation of two relevant intensities band ratios, which were previously adopted to study SLN formulations obtained from a different lipid and loading, as herein, the antioxidant mixture GSE [21].…”

“…The Raman spectra of the lipid Gelucire ® , plain lyophilized SLNs, with or without cryoprotectant-SLNs, are shown in Figure 3 (traces a-h). In Table 2, the formulations were listed concerning the evaluation of two relevant intensities band ratios, which were previously adopted to study SLN formulations obtained from a different lipid and loading, as herein, the antioxidant mixture GSE [21]. In the spectral region between 2900 and 2800 cm −1 , symmetric and antisymmetric C-H stretching signals of the -CH 2 group were found, and, in particular, the I 2890 /I 2850 ratio was calculated, being a marker for chain packing and conformational disorder.…”

Belinostat loaded lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticulate delivery system for breast cancer: improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in a tumor model

“…Precirol s ATO 5 (Precirol), a glyceryl distearate with a moderate melting point (50-60 1C), is commonly used as the core of the matrix in various lipidic formulations and has shown the ability to control the drug release from the delivery systems. [37][38][39] Therefore, we sought to develop a nanoparticulate formulation comprising of Eudragit RL100 s , Precirol s ATO5 and mPEG-PLA.…”