Solid-Phase Extraction on Alkyl-bonded Silica Gels in Inorganic Analysis

Abstract

Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is an effective tool for the preconcentration of trace elements and their separation from various sample constituents. Octadecyl and other alkyl-bonded silica gels are most widely used for these purposes. The fundamentals of the SPE of inorganic ions are reviewed and compared with those of related techniques (liquid-liquid extraction and reversed-phase liquid chromatography). The extraction of ions in the form of chelate compounds, inorganic salts solvated by neutral reagents, and ion-pair compounds is considered. Numerous applications of SPE to the separation and preconcentration of different elements and their species, including on-line combinations with instrumental determination techniques, are described and tabulated.

Facile Synthesis of a Luminescent Material, PAN@{SiO2}n, Having a Simultaneous Binding Capacity of High and Low Oxidation States: HOMO and LUMO, Quantum-mechanical Descriptor of Break-through Capacity

“…[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The composition ({Si A new kind of reaction occurs, whereby the material uniquely binds two different metal centers (Cd(II) and Tl(I)) in their HLOS simultaneously at its respective HOMO and LUMO, residing at two different spatial locations (Scheme 2a). Thereby, it differs from the existing mode of reaction reported until now (Scheme 2b).…”

“…11,12 Thus, functionalized SG (FSG) with greater selectivity is a necessity. 7,13,14 It is obtained by either coating a high molecular mass liquid cation exchanger (HMMLCE) on silanised SG, 9,13 or by the formation of covalent siloxanes (Si-O-Si) (denoted as grafting) 15,16 through a suitable grafting component (viz. 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxy-silane, 17 allyl-, 18 methallyl-, 19 vinylsilane, 20 isocyanosilane 21 hydrosilanes 16 etc.).…”

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Palladium in Aqueous Samples after Preconcentration Using Nanoparticles of γ-Alumina Functionalized with Pyridine Groups

“…In order to overcome this problem and prevent interference effects, those who use this method usually include an efficient preconcentration step. 5,6 So far, several methods for preconcentration and separation of trace amount of metals from various samples have been developed and used according to nature of the sample. 7 Liquid-liquid microextraction, 8 liquid-liquid extraction, 9,10 membrane disk extraction, 11 coprecipitation, 12,13 cloud point extraction, 14,15 leaching, 16 cyanidation, 17,18 adsorption process 19 and solid phase extraction (SPE) [20][21][22][23] are the most popular methods for this aim.…”

Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by HPLC for the Determination of Phosphorus(V) and Arsenic(V)

“…[1][2][3][4] SPE has been developed to replace conventional solvent extraction, in which toxic, volatile, and flammable solvents are frequently used. Not only decreased solvent usage but also simpler operation is the main advantage of SPE.…”