Solid waste management in Bogotá: the role of recycling associations as investigated through SWOT analysis

Abstract

Migration to urban centres is among the most important forces in contemporary urban studies. In this paper, we study how the demography and epidemic profile of a community are altered when they transition from living in nomadic conditions in a forested environment to a peri-urban settlement in a city of the Amazon basin. We analyse demographic and epidemic data with a multilevel model to understand individual and community-level effects in terms of the risk of malarial infection. We show that malaria becomes endemic when the population settles in the peri-urban area of the city. We also show that the reproductive rate of women in the group increases as they become sedentary, and that while individual fertility rates have no effect on risk of contracting malaria, population-level fertility rates are associated with malaria endemicity.KeyworDS Amazon / Colombia / demography / malaria / migration / peri-urban / public health I. IntroDuCtIonSince 1900, the total global malarious land area has almost halved, being reduced from 77.6 million square kilometres in 1900 to 39.8 million in 2010. (1) However, almost half of the world population lives at risk of contracting malaria, with a 2015 estimate of 212 million cases per year. (2) Today 3.41 billion people are exposed, more than three times the 892 million exposed in 1900. (3) The decline in malarial incidence and areas at risk, combined with general increases in at-risk populations, suggests the transformation of malaria's epidemiological characteristics. That is, malarial infection risk has become more intense in circumscribed areas around the world.Actual incidence of malarial infection has been declining in the world over the past few decades, but often re-emerging in locations where it was no longer a persistent problem, as shown by the data collected by Nájera et al. (4) about the most severe epidemics in the world during the 20th century. Five countries (India, the former USSR, Brazil, Ethiopia, Sri Lanka) have had epidemics with more than 1 million cases and more

Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues

“…Appropriate strategies should be introduced for supporting these activities, such as improved public awareness, enaction of specific laws and regulations and implementation of SWM infrastructures. For instance, a study conducted in Bogotá (Colombia), found that the main external requirements for including the activity of the informal sector regards the recognition of recyclers’ work, the formal alliances with the productive sector and the stabilization of the prices of recycling material [146]. Therefore, actions should be implemented both by private companies and local governments.…”

Advances on the Implementation of Circular Economy Techniques in Rural Areas in Colombia under a Sustainable Development Framework

“…On average, each municipality has 2 or 3 compactor vehicles with sufficient capacity to carry out the collection. This type of vehicles allows a greater load capacity and a better control of leachate and offensive odors generated by solid waste [65].…”

Assessing the role and use of recycled aggregates in the sustainable management of construction and demolition waste via a mini-review and a case study

“…The SWOT analysis has been extensively used in the literature for the analysis and effectiveness of a business or plan. In the waste management sector, SWOT analysis has been used to identify S trengths, W eaknesses, O pportunities and T hreats in various municipalities around the world (Pardo Martínez and Piña, 2017; Shahba et al, 2017; Yuan, 2013) either to discover the potentials and ways for initiating and successfully implementing an effective SWM programme, or to prove the importance of implementing a viable and sustainable waste management sector, in order to resolve environmental concerns, regarding the pollution and protection of natural resources.…”