“…Transient convective heat transfer in tubes and ducts is very important in connection with the control of modern high performance heat transfer devices, and has been widely studied [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Problems arising from start-ups, shut-downs, power surges and pump failures etc., during normal operating conditions or time-varying inlet temperature and flow rates can induce the transient behavior in thermal equipment.…”