“…Consistent deformation-dependent resistance force models were incorporated into the analyses of lateral buckling by Taylor and Gan (Taylor and Gan, 1986a) and Zhu et al (Zhu et al, 2015). Bi-linear and tri-linear restoring force models were employed to obtain the analytical solutions of an axially loaded strut (Lagrange and Averbuch, 2012) and an axially loaded subsea pipeline (Karampour et al, 2015), respectively. Furthermore, a nonlinear lateral soil resistance model, which contained cubic and quintic nonlinear terms, was used by Zeng and Duan (Zeng and Duan, 2014) to obtain localised solutions with an intricate bifurcation structure.…”