Solution phase synthesis of the less-known Form II crystalline red phosphorus

Abstract

The emerging application of crystalline red phosphorus (RP) in optoelectronics such as photocatalysis is bogged down by its limited synthesis routes. Scalable and controllable solution phase methods usually led to...

Renaissance of elemental phosphorus materials: properties, synthesis, and applications in sustainable energy and environment

“…129 The high crystallinity of the product is evident from the XRD results, with the most intense peak at 15.66° and a plane spacing of 5.66 Å, which is in close agreement with the results obtained by Roth and colleagues in 1947. 34,129 The nearly hexagonal symmetrical SAED pattern of the crystal suggests a monoclinic crystal system, and the plane spacing is consistent with the XRD pattern (Fig. 7d and e).…”

“…This section centers on the synthesis of amorphous red-P, but it should be noted that the earlier literature on red-P synthesis may have included a mixture of crystalline red-P, as the confirmation of its lattice structures and phonon properties has only recently been established. 48,88,129…”

“…This section centers on the synthesis of amorphous red-P, but it should be noted that the earlier literature on red-P synthesis may have included a mixture of crystalline red-P, as the confirmation of its lattice structures and phonon properties has only recently been established. 48,88,129 Using white-P as starting materials, early synthesis of red-P often involves the pyrochemical method, which requires temperatures over 250 1C in the absence of air. 87 Vvedenskii and Frost studied the reaction kinetics of thermal conversion and claimed that the conversion of melted white-P to red-P followed a first-order reaction in the temperature range of 176-373 1C.…”

A Review of Phosphorus Structures as CO2 Reduction Photocatalysts

“…The hydrothermal or solvothermal methods were often used as a pre-treatment process to remove the oxide layers, [51] and were also used to control the crystallinity, dimensions and morphology of RP. [124][125][126] The solution phase methods were usually adopted to obtain amorphous or low crystalline RP products, while the highly crystalline type II RP has also been synthesized recently by a mild solvothermal strategy with 1,2-diaminopropane as nucleophilic agent. [124] 3D nanostructured RP with excellent adsorption performance has also been successfully constructed by hydrothermal method recently.…”

“…[124][125][126] The solution phase methods were usually adopted to obtain amorphous or low crystalline RP products, while the highly crystalline type II RP has also been synthesized recently by a mild solvothermal strategy with 1,2-diaminopropane as nucleophilic agent. [124] 3D nanostructured RP with excellent adsorption performance has also been successfully constructed by hydrothermal method recently. [126] The CVD or CVT methods were mostly used for the synthesis of submicron fibrous RP.…”