Solution plasma: A new reaction field for nanomaterials synthesis

Abstract

Solution plasma is a new electrical discharge process where an atmospheric non-equilibrium plasma is generated, usually at room temperature, in a liquid environment, such as an aqueous solution or an organic compound. There are a large variety of combinations used in experiments among solutions, electrode materials, plasma configurations, volumes, and reactor geometries, as well as the characteristics of the power supply. The solution plasma process (SPP) combines gas discharge physics, fluid thermodynamic properties, and fluid interfaces reactions. In SPP, nanoparticles with various sizes, shapes, crystallinities, and compositions could be obtained. The synthesis of carbon and hetero-carbon nanomaterials proves that SPP is an efficient and rapid method for their production. The polymerization of benzene in SPP can form graphene. By simply changing the organic precursor, carbon-doped nanostructures can be synthesized with a controlled composition. This review demonstrates that SPP is a new reaction field for nanomaterial production.

Direct Treatment of Liquids Using Low-Current Arc in Ambient Air for Biomedical Applications

“…Moreover, the possibility of treating liquid precursors of various conductivities by AALCA looks promising for the synthesis of nanoparticles and nanocarbons [1,8,10,11].…”

“…Recently, treatment of liquids using various atmospheric pressure plasmas has attracted much attention owing to its wide range of possible applications, such as synthesis of nanocarbons and nanoparticles, sterilization of microorganisms, growth enhancement of plants, plasma farming, cancer therapy, and water purification [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Typically, low-temperature nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure plasma jets (NEAPPJs) or dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are used for activation of liquids by plasma [5,[12][13][14][15][16].…”

“…Considering the high efficiency of arc or gliding arc discharges in the decomposition of CO 2 and other gases and the effective production of RONS, this type of discharge could also be employed for the effective generation and fast delivery of RONS to the target liquid [3,25,33,34]. There are many works on the generation of arc and discharges and other types of plasmas inside or on the surface of highly conductive liquids using various configurations and experimental conditions, however, generation of high-density plasma transferred to the surface of deionized water (DI) or other liquids with low electrical conductivity in ambient air is still challenging owing to the relatively high electric currents required for the stable generation of the discharge [10,11,18,23,[35][36][37][38][39]. It appears that it is possible to generate a low-current arc in ambient air that can be transferred to the surface of a liquid that has low electrical conductivity by using a high-voltage pin electrode as the anode and the target liquid as the cathode.…”

Solution Plasma-Assisted Green Synthesis of MnO2Adsorbent and Removal of Cationic Pollutant

“…When the voltage is applied between submerged electrodes, water evaporation and microbubbles are generated by Joule heating. After applied voltage is high enough to reach the breakdown voltage, discharge is initiated [29]. During the plasma discharging, energetic electrons and ions could contribute to degradation of organic molecules, i.e., MB molecules.…”

Scalable Treatment of Flowing Organic Liquids Using Ambient-Air Glow Discharge for Agricultural Applications

“…The fast development of low-temperature atmospheric-pressure plasma sources, which happened in last two decades, has led to the appearance of a huge number of new applications [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Developments of atmospheric pressure plasma sources allowed treatments of various targets by reactive species not employing vacuum systems; moreover, use of nonequilibrium or so-called "cold" plasmas made possible target treatment without thermal damage, which opened a door for use of plasmas in biomedical and agricultural applications [4,5,[7][8][9][10].…”