Solvent based fractional biosynthesis, phytochemical analysis, and biological activity of silver nanoparticles obtained from the extract of Salvia moorcroftiana

Abstract

Multi-drug resistant bacteria sometimes known as “superbugs” developed through overuse and misuse of antibiotics are determined to be sensitive to small concentrations of silver nanoparticles. Various methods and sources are under investigation for the safe and efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles having effective antibacterial activity even at low concentrations. We used a medicinal plant named Salvia moorcroftiana to extract phytochemicals with antibacterial, antioxidant, and reducing properties. Three types of solvents; from polar to nonpolar, i.e., water, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and hexane, were used to extract the plant as a whole and as well as in fractions. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles in all extracts (except hexane-based extract) were spherical, smaller than 20 nm, polydispersed (PDI ranging between 0.2 and 0.5), and stable with repulsive force of action (average zeta value = -18.55±1.17). The tested bacterial strains i.e., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis were found to be sensitive to even small concentrations of Ag-NPs, especially P. aeruginosa. The antibacterial effect of these Ag-NPs was associated with their ability to generate reactive oxygen species. DMSO (in fraction) could efficiently extract antibacterial phytochemicals and showed activity against MDR bacteria (inhibition zone = 11–12 mm). Thus, the antibacterial activity of fractionated DMSO extract was comparable to that of Ag-NPs because it contained phytochemicals having solid antibacterial potential. Furthermore, Ag-NPs synthesized from this extract owned superior antibacterial activity. However, whole aqueous extract-based Ag-NPs MIC was least (7–32 μg/mL) as compared to others.

Comparative analysis of silver-nanoparticles and whey-encapsulated particles from olive leaf water extracts: Characteristics and biological activity

“…The PDI indicates the size distribution range of the nanoparticles as well as their stability and uniformity. This measurement indicates the average size of the particles in the sample as well as the correlation between the number of particles of a certain size versus the size of the nanoparticles [ 37 ].…”

Kaempferol: A Review of Current Evidence of Its Antiviral Potential

“…This highlights the fact that a persistent and detailed study of traditional remedies can yield very useful insights into bioactive compounds for a number of different pathologies. Kaempferol is abundant in nature, being found in many plants (e.g., [206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216][217]; for a comprehensive review, see the paper of Periferakis et al [3]). It is synthesised via the shikimic acid pathway [218] as all flavonoids; this biosynthetic pathway may be metabolically engineered so that it can yield the desired flavonol amounts in the near future [219].…”

Silversol®(a colloidal nanosilver formulation) inhibits growth of antibiotic-resistantStaphylococcus aureusby disrupting its physiology in multiple ways

“…It is an important ingredient of multiple traditional medicine formulations (Saper et al, 2004; Inder and Kumar, 2014; Parimalam et al, 2020). Modern times has also witnessed numerous reports (Burange et al, 2021; Korkmaz, 2020; Khan et al, 2023) describing different types of biological activities of silver. Antimicrobial activity of different forms of silver has also been documented e.g., antiviral (Balasubramaniam et al, 2020; Jain et al, 2021; Ratan et al, 2021), antibacterial (Balasubramaniam et al, 2020; Ibrahim et al, 2020; Bruna et al, 2021), antifungal (Mussin et al, 2022; Matras et al, 2022), antiprotozoal (Abou Elez et al, 2023), and anthelmintic (Majumdar and Kar, 2023; Gajera et al, 2023a).…”

“…It is an important ingredient of multiple traditional medicine formulations (Saper et al, 2004; Inder and Kumar, 2014; Parimalam et al, 2020). Modern times has also witnessed numerous reports (Burange et al, 2021;Korkmaz, 2020;Khan et al, 2023) describing different types of biological activities of silver. Antimicrobial activity of different forms of silver has also been documented e.g., antiviral (Balasubramaniam et (Majumdar and Kar, 2023;Gajera et al, 2023a).…”