Somatic embryogenesis from cell cultures of medicago sativa L. II. the interaction of amino acids with ammonium

Stuart, David A.; Strickland, Steven G.

doi:10.1016/0304-4211(84)90140-8

Cited by 74 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Furthermore, about twice the number of embryos was produced per gram PEM culture on Gln medium than on NH 4 + NO 3 medium. This is in contrast to findings in Picea glauca, where no difference in embryo development and number from maturation on L-glutamine or ammonium nitrate was found [30], but in line with studies on Medicago sativa L. which showed that the addition of L-glutamine to the media led to both higher number and quality of the somatic embryos [33]. In Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, highly embryogenic cultures developed if L-glutamine and casein hydrolysate were added to the culture medium [34].…”

Section: Morphological and Developmental Characterization And Nitrogcontrasting

confidence: 56%

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization Capability during the Proliferation and Maturation Phases of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) Somatic Embryogenesis

Dahrendorf

Clapham

Egertsdotter

2018

Forests

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Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a laboratory-based method that allows for cost-effective production of large numbers of clonal copies of plants, of particular interest for conifers where other clonal propagation methods are mostly unavailable. In this study, the effect of L-glutamine as an organic nitrogen source was evaluated for three contrasted media (containing NH 4 + NO 3 without glutamine, or glutamine + NO 3 , or glutamine without inorganic nitrogen) during proliferation and maturation of Norway spruce somatic embryos through analyses of activities of the key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism: nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and arginase. A major change in nitrogen metabolism was indicated by the increased activity of GS from zero in the proliferation stage through maturation to high activity in somatic embryo-derived plantlets; furthermore, NR activity increased from zero at the proliferation stage to high activity in maturing embryos and somatic-embryo derived plantlets. In contrast, arginase activity was high at all stages. In accordance with the GS and NR data, proliferation was fastest on the glutamine media, the largest number of mature embryos developed on the glutamine medium without inorganic nitrogen, and the ammonium content of proliferating cultures was much higher than that of mature somatic embryos. The best developed embryos, judged by germination, were from the glutamine + NO 3 medium. These insights into nitrogen utilization will help to improve culture medium composition.

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Section: Morphological and Developmental Characterization And Nitrogcontrasting

confidence: 56%

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization Capability during the Proliferation and Maturation Phases of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) Somatic Embryogenesis

Dahrendorf

Clapham

Egertsdotter

2018

Forests

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“…Addition of ammonium nitrate to GCM basal medium up to 11.4 mM failed to affect the production of total somatic embryos. The lack of response may be due in part to the presence of 5.13 mM glutamine in GCM along with ammonium nitrate supplements; furthermore, glutamine has been shown to be a partial or complete substitute for inorganic ammonium in somatic embryo production of carrot (Wetherell and Dougall, 1976) and alfalfa (Stuart and Strickland, 1984b). Somatic embryo induction utilizing 5.13 mM glutamine and GCM was near optimum (Marsolais et al, 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Improvement of somatic embryogenesis in zonal geranium

Wilson

Sullivan

Marsolais

et al. 1996

Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult

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A number of media constituents including sucrose, ammonium nitrate and plant growth regulators were evaluated in an attempt to improve somatic embryo production in zonal geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum) cv. Scarlet Orbit Improved. Somatic embryo production was characterized by the quantity and type of somatic embryo induced by the treatments. Sucrose at 4% supported the highest number of total somatic embryos while improving the proportion of the morphologically normal cotyledon-stage somatic embryos. Addition of ammonium nitrate also improved embryo production. With 1.89 mM ammonium nitrate, normal cotyledon-stage embryo development was increased by 53%; the proportion of normal cotyledon-stage embryos decreased and abnormal embryos with leaves or serrated margins in cotyledons (fringed-shoot type) increased with higher ammonium nitrate concentrations. The effect of plant growth regulators on somatic embryogenesis indicated that exogenous supply of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at a range of 0.25 to 4/zM failed to promote somatic embryogenesis. In contrast, benzyladenine (BA) up to 2.0 #M increased the total embryo number and the proportion of desirable cotyledon-stage embryos. There was no interaction between IAA and BA. Our research has demonstrated that improvement in both quantity and quality of somatic embryos can be achieved in zonal geranium.

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“…Proline and serine interactions were noted in orchardgrass, and 12.5 mM concentrations of the two were optimal for increasing embryo number. While some amino acids are neutral or even inhibitory, the addition of 50-300 mM proline or proline analogues is also effective in increasing embryo number in alfalfa [76], as long as NH: is present in the medium [77]. In general, the induction of somatic embryogenesis usually requires at least 5-12.5 mM of ammonium in the medium [78][79][80], but very high levels of ammonium may inhibit embryogenesis [81).…”

Section: Miscellaneous Factors a Genotype And Explant Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Morphogenic Aspects of Somatic Embryogenesis

Merkle¹,

Parrott²,

Flinn³

1995

In Vitro Embryogenesis in Plants

212

146

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Somatic embryogenesis from cell cultures of medicago sativa L. II. the interaction of amino acids with ammonium

Cited by 74 publications

References 7 publications

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization Capability during the Proliferation and Maturation Phases of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) Somatic Embryogenesis

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization Capability during the Proliferation and Maturation Phases of Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) Somatic Embryogenesis

Improvement of somatic embryogenesis in zonal geranium

Morphogenic Aspects of Somatic Embryogenesis

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