Somatostatin along the auditory pathway

Tachibana, Masayoshi; Rothman, John; Guth, Paul S.

doi:10.1016/0378-5955(79)90006-6

Cited by 23 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…VGlut2 and SST are also co‐expressed in the periventricular hypothalamus (PVH), hindbrain auditory pathways and peripheral ganglia of adult mice (Tachibana et al ., ; Helke & Hill, ; Hurley et al ., ; Smotherman, ). PVH neurons do project to the hindbrain; however, PVH SST expression does not begin until P3 and does not reach adult levels until after weaning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Testing the role of preBötzinger Complex somatostatin neurons in respiratory and vocal behaviors

Tupal

Rieger

Ling

et al. 2014

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Identifying neurons essential for the generation of breathing and related behaviors such as vocalization is an important question for human health. The targeted loss of preBötzinger complex (preBötC) glutamatergic neurons, including those that express high levels of somatostatin protein (SST neurons), eliminates normal breathing in adult rats. Whether preBötC SST neurons represent a functionally specialized population is unknown. We tested the effects on respiratory and vocal behaviors of eliminating SST neuron glutamate release by Cre-Lox-mediated genetic ablation of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGlut2). We found the targeted loss of VGlut2 in SST neurons had no effect on viability in vivo, or on respiratory period or responses to neurokinin 1 or µ-opioid receptor agonists in vitro. We then compared medullary SST peptide expression in mice with that of two species that share extreme respiratory environments but produce either high or low frequency vocalizations. In the Mexican free-tailed bat, SST peptide-expressing neurons extended beyond the preBötC to the caudal pole of the VII motor nucleus. In the naked mole-rat, however, SST-positive neurons were absent from the ventrolateral medulla. We then analyzed isolation vocalizations from SST-Cre;VGlut2F/F mice and found a significant prolongation of the pauses between syllables during vocalization but no change in vocalization number. These data suggest that glutamate release from preBötC SST neurons is not essential for breathing but play a species- and behavior-dependent role in modulating respiratory networks. They further suggest that the neural network generating respiration is capable of extensive plasticity given sufficient time.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Testing the role of preBötzinger Complex somatostatin neurons in respiratory and vocal behaviors

Tupal

Rieger

Ling

et al. 2014

Eur J of Neuroscience

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“…Tachibana et al reported on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the medial geniculate body, cochlear nucleus, inferior colliculus, auditory cortex, and cochlea, but did not find somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cochlear perilymph [15]. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity has also been observed in the cochlear nuclei of postnatal rats and it has been suggested that somatostatin might be important for the development of the auditory system [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The somatostatinergic system in the mammalian cochlea

et al. 2011

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BackgroundLittle is known about expression and function of the somatostatinergic system in the mammalian cochlea. We have previously shown that somatostatin administration may have a protective effect on gentamicin-induced hair cell loss. In this study, we have analyzed the cochlear expression of somatostatin receptor 1 (SST1) and somatostatin receptor 2 (SST2) at both the mRNA and the protein level in wild-type mice, as well as in SST1 and SST2 knock-out (KO) mice and in cultivated neurosensory cells.ResultsWe demonstrate that the somatostatin receptors SST1 and SST2 are specifically expressed in outer and inner hair cells (HCs) of the organ of Corti (OC), as well as in defined supporting cells. The expression of SST1 and SST2 receptors in cultivated P5 mouse OC explants was similar to their expression in inner and outer hair cells. Somatostatin itself was not expressed in the mammalian cochlea, suggesting that somatostatin reaches its receptors either through the blood-labyrinthine barrier from the systemic circulation or via the endolymphatic duct from the endolymphatic sac. We used mice with a deletion of either SST1 or SST2 to learn more about the regulation of SST1 and SST2 receptor expression. We demonstrate that in SST1 KO mice, SST2 was expressed in outer HCs and Deiters' cells, but not in pillar cells or inner HCs, as compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, in SST2 KO mice, the expression pattern of the SST1 receptor was not altered relative to wild-type mice.ConclusionsThese findings reveal that somatostatin receptors demonstrate specific expression in HCs and supporting cells of the mouse cochlea, and that absence of SST1 alters the expression of SST2. This specific expression pattern suggests that somatostatin receptors may have important functional roles in the inner ear.

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“…In addition, there is biochemical evidence that acetylcholine acts as a transmitter in the DCN (Godfrey & Matschinsky, 1981;Whipple & Drescher, 1984;Frostholm & Rotter, 1986). Muscarine-sensitive channels are also associated with conductance changes mediated by neuroactive peptides (Constanti & Brown, 1981;Adams, Brown & Constanti, 1982); antibodies to many of these peptides bind to cells and processes in the DCN (Ljungdahl, Hokfelt & Nilsson, 1978;Tachibana, Rothman & Guth, 1979;Fallon & Seroogy, 1984 Temporal patterns of primary afferent discharge are important in the processing of acoustic information. In the VCN, neurones respond to changes in the membrane potential with one of two stereotyped profiles (Oertel, 1983(Oertel, , 1985Wu & Oertel, 1984).…”

Section: Outward Currentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic properties of neurones in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of mice, in vitro.

Hirsch

Oertel

1988

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Intracellular recordings were made from the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) in slices of the cochlear nuclear complex. Probably the larger and most frequent cells were impaled.2. The steady-state current-voltage (I-V) properties of all cells impaled were nonlinear. The I-V curve was steepest in the voltage range depolarized from the resting potential and most shallow when the cell was hyperpolarized from rest by more than about 10 mV. Thus, the inwardly rectifying I-V characteristics of cells in the DCN distinguish them from those of ventral cochlear nuclear neurones (Oertel, 1983).3. When depolarized with current, most cells fired trains of large, all-or-none action potentials. The undershoot after single spikes comprised an initial, fast component followed by a second, slower wave. A few cells (15 %) generated bursts of smaller, graded spikes in addition to the large ones.4. Repetitive firing evoked by depolarizing pulses of current was followed by an after-hyperpolarization whose magnitude depended on the strength and duration of the preceding current pulse.5. Blocking the large action potentials with tetrodotoxin (TTX) revealed Ca21-dependent spikes in all cells examined.6. The steady-state I-V relationship became linear in the presence of TTX, suggesting that a persistent Na+ conductance probably mediates the inward rectification seen above the resting potential.7. Muscarine at micromolar concentrations excited cells and increased their input resistance.

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Somatostatin along the auditory pathway

Cited by 23 publications

References 8 publications

Testing the role of preBötzinger Complex somatostatin neurons in respiratory and vocal behaviors

Testing the role of preBötzinger Complex somatostatin neurons in respiratory and vocal behaviors

The somatostatinergic system in the mammalian cochlea

Intrinsic properties of neurones in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of mice, in vitro.

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