Some critical issues and concerns related to research advances on toxicology of chemical mixtures.

Yang, Raymond S. H.

doi:10.1289/ehp.98106s41059

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Assessment of the toxicity of mixtures of chemicals started in the 1970s; this can be determined using the same protocols for acute and chronic toxicity [53] or using genomics [54]. Apart from determining the total toxicity of the mixture, it is important to assess whether the compounds show additive, synergistic or antagonistic toxicity, and if so, try to estimate the synergistic/antagonistic ratios [41,55].…”

Section: Toxicity Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches

Sánchez‐Bayo¹,

Tennekes²

2015

Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals

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This chapter provides insights into the difficulties and challenges of performing risk evaluations of agrochemicals. It is a critical review of the current methodologies used in ecological risk assessment of these chemicals, not their risks to humans. After an introduction to the topic, the current framework for ecological risk assessment is outlined. Two types of assessments are typically carried out depending on the purpose: i) regulatory assessments for registration of a chemical product; and ii) ecological assessments, for the protection of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, which are usually site-specific. Although the general framework is well established, the methodologies used in each of the steps of the assessment are fraught with a number of shortcomings. Notwithstanding the subjectivity implicit in the evaluation of risks, there is scepticism in scientific circles about the appropriateness of the current methodologies because, after so many years of evaluations, we are still incapable of foreseeing the negative consequences that some agrochemicals have in the environment. A critical appraisal of such methodologies is imperative if we are to improve the current assessment process and fix the problems we face today. The chapter reviews first the toxicity assessment methods, pointing to the gaps in knowledge about this essential part of the process and suggesting avenues for further improvement. Deficiencies in the current regulations regarding toxicity testing are discussed, in particular the effect of the time factor on toxicity and the issue of complex mixtures.

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Section: Toxicity Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches

Sánchez‐Bayo¹,

Tennekes²

2015

Toxicity and Hazard of Agrochemicals

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“…The need to assess the effects of mixtures of estrogenic agents is widely acknowledged and considered to be an issue of high priority (6). However, the few mixture studies conducted to date with xenoestrogens have suffered from inadequate theoretical and conceptual foundations or could not be reproduced experimentally in other laboratories [for reviews and comments, see (7)(8)(9)]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction and Assessment of the Effects of Mixtures of Four Xenoestrogens

Payne¹,

Rajapakse²,

Wilkins³

et al. 2000

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Likewise, the prescription for when a mixtures risk assessment should be conducted is also unclear: "whenever the combined impact of multiple stressors needs to be considered" (U.S. EPA, 2002b). Mixtures investigations for human health have been advised for many years; the need to consider mixture toxicity was stated in the original Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund part A (RAGS A) (U.S. EPA, 1989), the Clean Air Act in 1990, the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1996 (Yang, 1998) and the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 governing pesticide safety (U.S. EPA, 2002c). The toxicity of manufactured and generated complex mixtures such as coke oven emissions and jet fuels JP-5…”

Section: Background Mixtures Risk Assessment Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mixtures of chemicals may have synergistic responses in one target organ, but additive or antagonistic responses in a different organ (Carpy et aL, 2000). These factors combined make mixture toxicity more difficult to study, but not impossible (Yang, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures Risk Assessment for Human and Ecological Receptors

Sterner¹,

Robinson²,

Mattie³

et al. 2005

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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE ublic reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the lata needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing ,is burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently alid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY)2 I. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S)kir Force Materiel Command*** HEPB SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES ABSTRACT4ixtures of chemicals represent a concern in all areas of toxicology and a challenge to risk Issessors as most sites with environmental contamination, including Department of Defense sites, involve simultaneous or sequential exposures of multiple chemicals to human or ýcological receptors.A major concern with mixtures is that they may lead to outcomes (health effects) or increased toxicity (synergism) not expected from the risk 'haracterization of individual chemicals at the site.The focus of this literature review is :o examine the principles used to determine toxicity in chemical mixtures risk assessment for luman and ecological receptors at hazardous waste sites.This review provides an overview of 'urrent practices useful to a remedial project manager or risk assessor prior to their first ",hemical mixtures risk assessment. 5.SUBJECTTERMS

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Some critical issues and concerns related to research advances on toxicology of chemical mixtures.

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches

Environmental Risk Assessment of Agrochemicals — A Critical Appraisal of Current Approaches

Prediction and Assessment of the Effects of Mixtures of Four Xenoestrogens

The Toxicology of Chemical Mixtures Risk Assessment for Human and Ecological Receptors

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