Some observations on the epidemiology of kala-azar in the Sudan

Visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: parasite identification in humans and dogs; host-parasite relationships

“…Also, in Kapoeta, Zaki related an unconfirmed report of two infected dogs (in [14]). But in 1937, Archibald and Mansour [15] found no positive dog out of 200 examined. As for other mammals, Marshall in 1911 [16] and Kirk in 1956 [13] found Leishmania in monkeys.…”

Leishmaniasis in the Sudan: a literature review with emphasis on clinical aspects

“…Many authors mention that it is extremely difficult to find parasites in peripheral blood ( Archibald & Mansour 1937; Henderson 1937; Kirk & Sati 1940a; Stephenson 1940; Van Peenen & Reid 1962). In contrast to some contemporaries ( Balfour 1908), Marshall (1911) found parasites in 13 of 15 (86%) blood samples.…”

“…Rohrs (1964) detected parasites in the venous blood of 4 of 20 confirmed VL patients. Archibald & Mansour (1937) claimed that even though no parasites could be found in blood films from the Fung district, all blood films of VL patients from the Kapoeta district were positive. Using peripheral blood spots on filter paper from confirmed VL patients, Osman detected Leishmania DNA in 70% of the samples by PCR ( Osman et al .…”

“…Parasites have been found in skin biopsies ( Kirk & Sati 1940a; Gumaa et al . 1988 ) and nasal smears of VL patients ( Archibald & Mansour 1937; Henderson 1937; Rohrs 1964). The parasite load in skin samples from PKDL patients is lower than from CL patients ( El‐Hassan et al .…”

“…In the 3rd and 4th Wellcome Research Laboratory Reports published in 1908 and 1911, respectively, chapters are devoted to kala azar with notes on epidemiology, clinical and diagnostic aspects, trials at treatment, case descriptions and post mortem reports ( Balfour 1908, 1911). Archibald and Mansour (1937) identified the main endemic area as the Kassala and Fung districts bordering the Abyssinian frontier and the Kapoeta district in the south. Sporadic cases were found in the Nuba Mountains and in the western district of Darfur.…”