Some observations on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of surface soils in urban areas

Butler, J. D.; Butterworth, Valerie; Kellow, Sarah C.; Robinson, Heather G.

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(84)90382-6

Cited by 46 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…PAH levels recorded in the current study are thus considerably higher than those collected in other studies, which may be related to climatic conditions. PAH levels in soil and sediment samples have been reported as, for example, 2 µg/kg in the United Kingdom, 6.9 µg/kg in Norway, 1.1 µg/ kg in Canada and 3.3 µg/kg in Australia (Butler et al, 1984;Jones et al, 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Li et al (2006) and Butler et al (1984) have demonstrated that PAH concentrations in road dust vary according to the distance from the source of pollution. Concentrations of PAHs in UK soils and sediments have been reported ranging between 0.1-54 mg/kg (Wild and Jones, 1994), and concentrations between 0.04 and 1.3 mg/kg have been reported in soils or road dust from remote areas in the USA (ATSDR, 1990).…”

Section: Surface Runoff and Sediment Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers, surface runoff, and sediments in and around Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Nekhavhambe¹,

Ree²,

Fatoki³

2014

WSA

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Water quality in rural areas is affected adversely by build-up of traffic-generated organic compounds on road surfaces, leading to their presence in water runoff and sediments. Characterising these compounds is a first step in developing measures for the removal of such pollutants from water courses. In this study, liquid-liquid extraction of water samples from several rivers and surface run-off enabled quantification of major PAHs. Soxhlet extraction of sediment samples was followed by clean-up of samples using column chromatography. The PAHs were quantified by gas chromatography. In water and sediment samples, 6 PAHs were identified and quantified. In river water samples, individual PAH levels ranged between 0.1 µg/ℓ and 137 µg/ℓ, while in sediment samples levels ranged between 17.9 µg/kg and 9870 µg/kg. For surface run-off, levels ranged between 0.6 µg/ℓ and 2 500 µg/ℓ for water samples and between 112 µg/kg and 34 400 µg/kg for sediment samples. Total levels of PAHs in sediment samples were relatively high (111.6 to 61 764 µg/kg) compared to those in water from both river and surface run-off (29.2 to 3 064.8 µg/ℓ), and PAH levels in surface runoff were much higher than in river waters, implicating tarred roads and parking lots as main point sources of PAHs. PAH ratios also indicate that the PAH content of runoff and sediment is more likely due to pyrogenic sources, i.e. vehicle emissions, although petrogenic sources (mainly oil spills) also play an important role. Toxic Equivalence Quotient (TEQ) values in river and runoff waters ranged from 0.10 to 4.03 µg/ℓ and for sediments the TEQ ranged from 0.50 to 272.23 µg/kg. These results are of concern, as the calculated TEQ is likely to be an underestimate of the actual TEQ, since only 6 PAHs with relatively low toxicities were analysed. Long droughts and low rainfall, and washing of automobiles in and near the rivers are important factors which may have contributed to the observed levels of PAHs in both river water and sediments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Surface Runoff and Sediment Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers, surface runoff, and sediments in and around Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Nekhavhambe¹,

Ree²,

Fatoki³

2014

WSA

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“…Although the samples were not size-classified prior to analysis, the relative proportions of PAH should be independent of particle size. Butler and coworkers 93 measured the PAH content of the surface soils in the vicinity of a heavily traveled motorway interchange in England. These data are presented in Table X.…”

Section: Resuspended Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiles of Organic Particulate Emissions from Air Pollution Sources: Status and Needs for Receptor Source Apportionment Modeling

Daisey

Cheney

Lioy

1986

Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association

138

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“…This may be due to anthropogenic activities such as spillage, leakages and handling of crude oils (FarrellJones, 2003;Butler et al, 1984). Soils can also retain relatively low amounts of hydrocarbons from natural sources "biogenic" such as higher plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrocarbons in Soil From Basra Oil-Rich Governorate

Douabul¹

2012

American Journal of Environmental Sciences

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Basra is a rich-oil region; its soil is expected to be contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. However, there is no previous study that has estimated the levels of hydrocarbons in Basra soil. After 2003 numerous operations by several international oil companies are underway. Therefore, the determination of background levels of petroleum hydrocarbons is a priority from environmental point of view. The present study was carried out to determine the distribution and seasonal variations of petroleum hydrocarbons in ten sites in Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. The results obtained in this study can service as baseline for future environmental impact assessment of oil operations.

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Some observations on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content of surface soils in urban areas

Cited by 46 publications

References 11 publications

Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers, surface runoff, and sediments in and around Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Determination and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rivers, surface runoff, and sediments in and around Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Profiles of Organic Particulate Emissions from Air Pollution Sources: Status and Needs for Receptor Source Apportionment Modeling

Hydrocarbons in Soil From Basra Oil-Rich Governorate

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