Some quantitative aspects of the cat's eye: axis and plane of reference, visual field co‐ordinates and optics

Bishop, Peter; Kozak, W; Vakkur, G.J.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006990

Cited by 415 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

123

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The initial study of each neurone was done on a plotting table using a moving slit which was as narrow as possible (Kato, Bishop & Orban, 1978). The position of the receptive field was referred to the assumed position of the area centralis derived from the position of the blind spot (Bishop, Kozak & Vakkur, 1962). A correction for the vertical meridian was made using the average separation of pairs of binocular units (Nikara, Bishop & Pettigrew, 1968).…”

Section: Velocity Dependence Of Direction Selecti Vit Y Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The velocity dependence of direction selectivity of visual cortical neurones in the cat.

Duysens

Maes

Orban

1987

The Journal of Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY1. The range of velocities, yielding direction-selective responses, was investigated in a total of 167 direction-selective cells from areas 17 and 18 of the cat, using a high-contrast light bar moving at velocities ranging from 0-6 to 900 deg s-1.2. 11 %o of the cells were direction selective over the full range of velocities tested.Most cells (66 00) gave only responses at low velocities and thus were not direction selective at high velocities. The remaining cells gave responses over a broad range of velocities but the direction selectivity was limited to either high or intermediate velocities (18 and 50 of the cells, respectively). Cells with direction selectivity at high but not at low velocities had large receptive fields with non-overlapping 'on' and 'off' subregions and they responded quickly and phasically to stationary flashes. This suggests that the latter cells relied on fast and brief interactions over large distances.3. In thirty cells the spatial and temporal limits of direction selectivity were investigated using a stroboscopically illuminated moving light bar. In all cells direction selectivity depended both on the interflash distance and the interflash time interval. Area 17 cells with large receptive field at high eccentricity tolerated much larger interflash spacings than area 17 cells with small receptive fields near the area centralis. For eleven of the thirty cells the effective interflash distance could be larger than the width of the receptive field. The largest effective interflash time interval varied between 35 and 250 ms.4. Eight of the thirty cells were direction selective at high but not at low velocities. These eight cells all remained direction selective over large interflash distances and they required brief interflash intervals ( < 65 ms).5. Responses to single stroboscopic flashes within the sequence were observed in ten cells, which all responded well at high apparent velocities. While most cells (eight out of ten) showed both response increments in the preferred direction and response decrements in the non-preferred, the decrements constituted the dominant element in the direction selectivity of six out of ten cells while the remaining four cells relied mainly on response increments.6. It is concluded that the range of direction-selective velocities of some cat visual cortical cells can be predicted from a knowledge of the spatial extent and the time course of the direction-selective interactions. A model, based on mutual inhibition between pairs of cells is proposed to explain the direction selectivity of cells with spatially separate 'on' and 'off' subregions.

show abstract

Section: Velocity Dependence Of Direction Selecti Vit Y Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The velocity dependence of direction selectivity of visual cortical neurones in the cat.

Duysens

Maes

Orban

1987

The Journal of Physiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Rectal temperature and end-tidal concentration of C02 were permanently controlled and held constant between 37 and 38 'C, and between 3-6 and 4%, respectively. The animal was fixed into a stereotaxic instrument which was 12-5 degrees downward so as to make the visual axis of the cat's eye approximately horizontal (Bishop, Kozak & Vakkur, 1962). The cortex was covered with Agar (2-5% in Ringer solution).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second and third visual areas of the cat: interindividual variability in retinotopic arrangement and cortical location

Albus

Beckmann

1980

The Journal of Physiology

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY1. The cortical location and the retinotopic arrangement of the second (V2) and third (V3) visual areas in the cat have been investigated with single and multiple unit recordings in anaesthetized and immobilized animals.2. V2 and V3 are arranged side by side anterior and medial to VI and occupy the lateral gyrus and the postlateral sulcus. In addition, V2 spreads to postlateral parts of the lateral sulcus and, occasionally, to the posterior suprasylvian gyrus. The contralateral lower hemifield is represented on the lateral gyrus, the area centralis and the horizontal meridian are found in most animals in the anterior part of the postlateral sulcus, and the representation of the upper hemifield occupies the posterior part of the postlateral sulcus.

show abstract

“…26 for an explanation). Therefore, rc for the on-alpha and on-beta cells equaled their center diameters divided by these factors and converted to a linear measurement over the retinal surface (27). The parameter r. was taken as 1.9 and 4.3 times r, for the on-alpha and on-beta, respectively (within 10°e ccentricity; ref.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational model of the on-alpha ganglion cell receptive field based on bipolar cell circuitry.

Freed

Smith

Sterling

1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The on-alpha ganglion cell in the area cen- its receptive field has a center and surround (13).Here we combine the general structure of the analytical models with detailed anatomical data to compute the contribution of the b, array to the on-alpha receptive field. The computation assumes, like the analytical models, that the on-alpha cell sums its inputs linearly. Although there are temporal nonlinearities within the on-alpha receptive field, given moderate stimulus contrast, these nonlinearities apparently sum in a spatially linear fashion (9, 11). The computation also assumes that every b, synapse evokes the same conductance increase in the on-alpha cell (for a given depolarization of the bipolar cell) and that this conductance increase depolarizes the on-alpha cell. These assumptions simplify the computation of the on-alpha receptive field to a weighted summation of bipolar receptive fields. A bipolar cell's weight depends on the number of synapses it contributes to the on-alpha dendrites and the electrotonic effects of these synapses at the soma.The receptive fields of both on and off types of alpha (Y) ganglion cells are tuned to low spatial frequencies (cutoff frequency, 2 c/degree in area centralis) (1). The Y cell contributes the major retinal input to area 18, which may explain the low-frequency tuning of this area (2, 3). The alpha cell's contribution to the visual system depends critically on the structure of its receptive field. There are two overlapping regions: a relatively broad center and a still broader antagonistic surround, each with a roughly Gaussian distribution of sensitivity (4-7).The question we address here is how does the alpha (Y) receptive field structure arise from retinal circuitry? Analytical models of the alpha receptive field give some important clues (8-11). Such models, as schematized in Fig. 1, hypothesize the receptive field to arise from a pooling of linear subunits. Each linear subunit has a center and surround with Gaussian distributions of sensitivity. These linear subunits are weighted individually and summed in a linear fashion. If appropriate distributions of sensitivity for the subunits are chosen, as well as the correct weightings, then the summed subunit centers duplicate the alpha center and the summed subunit surrounds duplicate the alpha surround (8). Although correspondence has not been established between linear subunits and any particular elements of retinal circuitry, they closely resemble, by their individual properties and their array, the bipolar cells that contact the on-alpha cell. We had previously described this source ofinput by reconstructing an on-alpha cell from serial, electron microscopic sections.Most bipolar synapses (82-89%) derive from a single bipolar METHODS An on-alpha ganglion cell from the area centralis had been filled with horseradish peroxidase, blackened with diaminobenzidine, and drawn with a camera lucida (12). Almost half of the dendritic arbor, spanning the full-field diameter, had been reconstructed by electron microsco...

show abstract

Some quantitative aspects of the cat's eye: axis and plane of reference, visual field co‐ordinates and optics

Cited by 415 publications

References 17 publications

The velocity dependence of direction selectivity of visual cortical neurones in the cat.

The velocity dependence of direction selectivity of visual cortical neurones in the cat.

Second and third visual areas of the cat: interindividual variability in retinotopic arrangement and cortical location

Computational model of the on-alpha ganglion cell receptive field based on bipolar cell circuitry.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About