Some Structural Properties of Bright Gold Electrodeposits

Cleghorn, W. H.; Crossley, JG; Lodge, K.J.; Gnanasekaran, K.S.A.

doi:10.1080/00202967.1972.11870223

Cited by 17 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Previously, it was reported that the residual stress in hard gold deposited using the acid cyanide plating bath was 210 MPa. 13,18 The calculated values of stress are within 5% of the reported values of the stress. The bulk elastic modulus of gold of 74 GPa 19 was used in these calculations.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Buffered phosphate gold plating bath ͑KAu(CN) 2 20 g/l, K 2 HPO 4 40 g/l, KH 2 PO 4 10 g/l adjusted to a pH of 7͒ was used to deposit soft gold at current densities varying from 2 to 10 mA/cm 2 . 13 After metal deposition, the gold and titanium films were patterned to form the cantilever beam. The deposited soft gold has been previously found to have low residual stress.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,12 The cobalt-doped gold films were harder and had higher residual stress due to small grain size. 13 After metal deposition, the gold and titanium films were patterned to form the cantilever beam. The photoresist release layer was removed using acetone.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrostatic Actuators with Intrinsic Stress Gradient

Chinthakindi

Bhusari

Dusch

et al. 2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Electrostatic actuators based on microelectromechanical systems ͑MEMS͒ have many attractive features for use as variable capacitors in high-frequency applications. The devices consist of two electrodes, one fixed and the other movable. In this study, a curved, cantilever beam was used as the movable electrode. A novel process has been developed for fabricating an all-gold, curved beam. The cantilever beams were curved due to an intrinsic stress gradient in the metal. Electroplating and conventional lithography were used to metallize the cantilever beam electrodes. The internal stress gradient in the gold was obtained by changing the electroplating conditions during fabrication. Stiction during release and operation of the variable capacitors was alleviated by treating the gold with an alkane thiol self-assembled monolayer. The intrinsic stress gradient and the stress-induced bending moment were calculated using a generalized model for the stress gradient in the films. Compared to bimetallic, cantilever beams, the curvature of the all-gold beam was found to be independent of temperature. This implies that the operation of the single-metal variable capacitor will be more reproducible and stable with temperature than a comparable bimetallic device.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrostatic Actuators with Intrinsic Stress Gradient

Chinthakindi

Bhusari

Dusch

et al. 2002

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…During the past decade, it was not only sputter-deposited Au/Co multilayered films with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy properties that attracted great attention [56][57][58][59][60], but also Au-Co alloys, the so-called hard gold material with low cobalt content, which are recognized as important alloys because of their high resistance. These structures have a wide applicability in plating electrical contacts in printed circuit board technology [61][62][63].…”

Section: Template Synthesis Of 2 Nm Au/4 Nm Co Multilayered Nanowire mentioning

confidence: 99%

Template Synthesis of Magnetic Nanowire Arrays

Valizadeh

Strömberg

Strömme

2008

Nanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry

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IntroductionDuring the late 20th century, the growing interest in creating advanced materials using nanoscaled building blocks was employed to develop synthetic techniques for re-engineering existing materials to novel functional materials such as quantum dots, nanodots, nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibrils and quantum wires. These nanowires can act as one-dimensional conductors with interesting electronic and optical properties. Moreover, nanowires may find applications in ultrasensitive chemical and biological sensors.To date, a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique followed by lithography is usually considered to represent the ultimate method for producing nanoscaled materials. Although a number of successful efforts have been reported on the fabrication of freestanding nanopillars or nanowells using lithographic techniques, there is a whole range of potential obstacles for these approaches. These arise mainly from the fact that, when the technologies are pushed to smaller sizes, the cost rapidly escalate and the tolerances are more difficult to maintain. The lithographic processes used to pattern nanoelectronic structures also currently limit the dimensions of the electronic components such as nanowires. Optical lithography is limited by the wavelength of the light used to produce the wires. Consequently, the wavelength of light used is moving into the deeper regions of the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum, and the cost of fabricating optical components to achieve this is expected to rise at an astronomic rate. These challenges have forced many to seek new nanofabrication techniques, especially those which grow nanostructures directly in the openings of a template. One of the most successful approaches to these nanofabrication methods is known as the membrane-based synthesis of nanomaterials [1][2][3][4], where the membrane acts as a template for the electrodeposition of multilayered nanowires, as well as for single metallic nanowires [5,6]. The advantage of using template synthesis of nanowires is that it can be considered as an alternative solution to overcome the difficulty in fabricating fibrils with very small diameters by lithographic methods [7].

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“…Pulse-plating has also been applied to cyanide electrolytes to improve physical properties, especially to reduce the stresses in the deposit, but due to the irreversibility of the gold/gold(I) couple in sulphite solutions, there is no frequency dependence of deposit properties with them (17). However, the extent of voltage ripple can affect stresses in the deposits from sulphite electrolytes, notably in a gold-cadmium alloy electrolyte (27) where a direct current effectively trebled the interval tensile stress relative to its value when an unsmoothed power source was used.…”

Section: Deposit Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%