“…This can be explained by the complex nature brought by interconnected network equipment, and the difficulty to represent digital services. In addition, there has not been enough published works on LCA of digital services, only on energy efficiency (Yoro et al, 2018a(Yoro et al, , 2018b(Yoro et al, , 2017 and network optimization (Masoudi et al, 2019;Rocha et al, 2017). Thus, a primary challenge to concurrently design for cost and environment is to adopt relevant representation tools and techniques for digital services.…”