Sorbic acid improves growth performance and regulates insulin-like growth factor system gene expression in swine1

Abstract

Sorbic acid (SA) is a PUFA with a conjugated double bond. The conjugated fatty acids, including CLA, are multifunctional bioactive fatty acids with the ability to improve growth performance. The effect of SA on pig growth performance was examined to determine its mechanism of action. The ADG, ADFI, and serum IGF-I concentration were examined, as were IGF-I secretion and IGF system gene expression in hepatocytes. Two hundred forty 21-d-old Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaned piglets (6.86 ± 0.02 kg) were randomly divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 3 pens of 20 piglets (10 female and 10 male). The 4 groups of piglets were kept in a temperature-controlled room (26 to 28 °C), and feed and water were provided to the pigs ad libitum. Weanling piglets were fed diets that included 0, 0.5, 2, or 4 g of SA/kg for 42 d. The diet supplemented with 0.5 g/kg of SA improved (P < 0.05) ADG, BW, and G:F, whereas supplementation with all 3 SA doses increased (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F at 21 to 42 d of age. The greatest concentration of plasma triglycerides was observed (P < 0.05) in the 4 g/kg of SA group. The SA increased (0.5 g of SA/kg, P > 0.05; 1 g of SA/kg, P < 0.05; and 2 g of SA/kg, P < 0.05, respectively) plasma total serum protein and globulin concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. It was noted that the smallest SA treatment dose (0.5 g/kg) dramatically increased (P < 0.05) serum IGF-I concentration but decreased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of blood urea N and cortisol. The SA increased (P < 0.05) IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), and PPARα gene mRNA expression and IGF-I secretion, but not (P > 0.05) IGFBP or PPARγ mRNA expression, in pig primary hepatocytes. These results indicate that SA improves growth performance by regulating IGF system gene expression and hormone secretion.

Nature-Identical Compounds and Organic Acids Ameliorate and Prevent the Damages Induced by an Inflammatory Challenge in Caco-2 Cell Culture

“…Although, in vitro testing is a strong chelator and can interfere with calcium transport, thereby, affecting TEER and TJ expression [ 28 , 29 ]. Sorbic acid is a medium chain unsaturated fatty acid that is metabolized via beta oxidation but can have a role in the signaling of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway [ 30 ]. In the current study, citric and sorbic acid exerted a slight cytotoxic effect at high doses when used individually, no negative effects were reported when combined with thymol and vanillin.…”

Impact of dietary organic acids and botanicals on intestinal integrity and inflammation in weaned pigs

“…The exact mechanism by which OA + PB would regulate the epithelial integrity is beyond the objective of this study although some explanation might be derived by the multiple properties and biological functions of these compounds. More specifically, sorbic acid has been recently demonstrated to improve the growth of pigs at weaning by regulating IGF gene expression and secretion [ 31 ], and citric acid, a TCA cycle intermediate, plays an important role as energy substrate for the cell. On the other end, the use of plant extracts, such as monoterpens and aldehydes, has been associated with a generally improved gut equilibrium [ 8 ] as these molecules can alter the expression of genes related to the activation of the immune response and the expression of genes related to integrity of membranes [ 32 ].…”

From Acidifiers to Intestinal Health Enhancers: How Organic Acids Can Improve Growth Efficiency of Pigs

“…Studies with murine models showed that sorbic acid is rapidly absorbed and completely oxidized to H 2 O and CO 2 [113,114]. In addition, sorbic acid added to weaning piglets increased growth performance through the modulation of lipid metabolism and the enhancement of insulin-like growth factor system, particularly relevant for the GIT development [115,116].…”