Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings (Revised)

Deru, M.; Torcellini, P.

doi:10.2172/884990

Cited by 127 publications

(132 citation statements)

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“…The source energy use of the building was calculated, based on the electricity use and natural gas use, as follows for all five climate zones (Deru and Torcellini 2007…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demand Controlled Ventilation and Classroom Ventilation

Fisk

Mendell

Davies

et al. 2012

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This document summarizes a research effort on demand controlled ventilation and classroom ventilation. The research on demand controlled ventilation included field studies and building energy modeling. Major findings included: The single-location carbon dioxide sensors widely used for demand controlled ventilation frequently have large errors and will fail to effectively control ventilation rates (VRs). Multi-location carbon dioxide measurement systems with more expensive sensors connected to multi-location sampling systems may measure carbon dioxide more accurately. Currently-available optical people counting systems work well much of the time but have large counting errors in some situations. In meeting rooms, measurements of carbon dioxide at return-air grilles appear to be a better choice than wall-mounted sensors. In California, demand controlled ventilation in general office spaces is projected to save significant energy and be cost effective only if typical VRs without demand controlled ventilation are very high relative to VRs in codes.Based on the research, several recommendations were developed for demand controlled ventilation specifications in the California Title 24 Building Energy Efficiency Standards.The research on classroom ventilation collected data over two years on California elementary school classrooms to investigate associations between VRs and student illness absence (IA). Major findings included: Median classroom VRs in all studied climate zones were below the California guideline, and 40% lower in portable than permanent buildings. Overall, one additional L/s per person of VR was associated with 1.6% less IA. Increasing average VRs in California K-12 classrooms from the current average to the required level is estimated to decrease IA by 3.4%, increasing State attendance-based funding to school districts by $33M, with $6.2 M in increased energy costs. Further VR increases would provide additional benefits. Confirming these findings in intervention studies is recommended. Energy costs of heating/cooling unoccupied classrooms statewide are modest, but a large portion occurs in relatively few classrooms.iii

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“…The source energy use of the building was calculated, based on the electricity use and natural gas use, as follows for all five climate zones (Deru and Torcellini 2007…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demand Controlled Ventilation and Classroom Ventilation

Fisk

Mendell

Davies

et al. 2012

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show abstract

“…Source energy, though, which is the sum of energy used at the home and the energy lost to extraction, conversion, or transmission, is a better metric for measuring energy usage. Site energy can be easily converted to source energy using a site-to-source ratio (Deru and Torcellini 2007) for the given fuel. Table 5 shows assumed fuel costs and site-to-source ratios.…”

Section: Analysis Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrofit Audits and Cost Estimates. A Look at Quality and Consistency

Eisenberg¹,

Shapiro²,

Fleischer³

2012

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“…Source energy and emissions at the power plant are not provided because such information is specific to the local utility and the mix of fuels and generation technologies used and is outside the scope of this project. One source for information on determining source energy and emissions is Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings (Deru and Torcellini 2007).…”

Section: Energy Savings Analysis Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical Support Document: 50% Energy Savings for Small Office Buildings

Thornton¹,

Wang²,

Huang³

et al. 2010

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Building Technologies (BT) Program. Buildings account for over 40% of total energy use and over 70% of electricity use in the United States (DOE 2009b). To reduce building energy usage, DOE, through its BT Program, established a strategic goal to "create technologies and design approaches that enable net-zero energy buildings (NZEB) at low incremental cost by 2025". Supporting DOE's goal directly, the project objective is to develop a package of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) that demonstrates the feasibility to achieve 50% energy savings for small office buildings with a simple payback of 5 years or less. The 50% goal is to reduce site energy usage relative to buildings that are built to just meet the minimum requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004 (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 2004) before using renewable energy.PNNL performed the research, analysis, and documentation, referred to as the Technical Support Document (TSD), with inputs from many other contributors and sources of information. An early draft version of the report was circulated to industry experts, practicioners, and another National Laboratory, for in-depth peer reviews. Appendix B documents the review comments and PNNL's responses. For use in this analysis, PNNL developed a prototypical 20,000 ft² (1,858 m 2 ) small office building model that just meets the requirements of Standard 90.1-2004. This is based on the small office prototype that PNNL developed for the 30% Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings . PNNL used the state-of-art energy simulation program -EnergyPlus-to determine the energy savings provided by the package of EEMs. The prototype building is simulated in the same eight climate zones adopted by International Energy Code Council (IECC) and ASHRAE in development of the prevailing energy codes and standards. The climate zones are further divided into moist and dry regions, represented by 16 climate locations. The TSD provides the modeling parameters used in the simulations and the energy and cost-effectiveness results.The advanced EEMs include energy efficiency enhancements to the following building elements:• Exterior wall and roof insulation The TSD report shows that the recommended EEM package achieves a minimum of 50% energy savings in all 16 climate locations, and a national-weighted average energy savings of 56.6% over the United States. Cost-effectiveness analysis to implement the EEMs shows a weighted-average simple payback of 6.8 years. These results are summarized in the table below. In addition, this report provides results for an alternative EEM package substituting a variable air volume (VAV) heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system. This alternative package achieves at least 50% energy savings in 7 of the16 climate locations, corresponding to a national-weighted average savings of 48.5%. The VAV EEM ii package has a national weighted-average simple payback of 8.6 years. Other packages of EEMs may also achieve 50% energy savings; this report does not consider all alternatives but ra...

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Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings (Revised)

Cited by 127 publications

References 0 publications

Demand Controlled Ventilation and Classroom Ventilation

Demand Controlled Ventilation and Classroom Ventilation

Retrofit Audits and Cost Estimates. A Look at Quality and Consistency

Technical Support Document: 50% Energy Savings for Small Office Buildings

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