Source input elucidation in aquatic systems by factor and principal component analysis of molecular marker data

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Muscles of Two Commercial Fish Species from Al-Kahlaa River in Missan Governorate, Iraq

“…The samples were rinsed thoroughly with distilled water in the laboratory the muscles were cut to small parts and dried in freeze-drier, grounded and sieved using a 63 μm metal sieve then placed in clean a glass vial to become ready for analysis. The procedure of Grimalt and Oliver (1993) was used for the extraction of hydrocarbon compounds from fish muscles. The concentrations of PAHs in muscles were determined by using capillary GasChromatography.…”

Hydrocarbons in Soil From Basra Oil-Rich Governorate

“…The samples then were freezedried, grounded finely by agate mortar and sieved through a 62µ stainless steel sieve. Hydrocarbons were extracted from soil followed the procedure described by Grimalt and Olive (1993) and Tuteja et al (2011). The extracts were divided into two portions.…”

“…The concentrations of hydrocarbons in soil are strongly related to the sorbed organic matter (Zhang et al, 2012;Whittaker et al, 1999), similarly the present study has confirmed. On the other hand, hydrocarbons may be removed from soil via several processes such as volatilization, photo-oxidation, chemical reactions, leaching and biodegradation (Grimalt and Olive, 1993). Pending on environmental conditions, some of these processes may take very long time and thus portion of these compounds will remain in soil and become more resistant (Barakat et al, 2001).…”

Chemical Processes in Marine Environments

“…The usefulness of PCA and FA in environmental studies when using molecular markers for sample description was evaluated in a study involving the determination of aliphatic and chlorinated hydrocarbon, fatty acids, alcohols, chlorophylls and some detergents in water and in particulate (Grimalt and Olive 1993). Generally speaking, molecular markers are compounds whose structure can be related to specific sources; for example long-chain alkylbenzenes and trialkylamines can be related to contributions from anionic or cationic detergents, respectively.…”