Source regional contributions to PM2.5 in a megacity in China using an advanced source regional apportionment method

Source apportionment for fine particulate matter in a Chinese city using an improved gas-constrained method and comparison with multiple receptor models

“…The daily PM 2.5 concentrations ranged from 13 to 275 mg m À3 . The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 87 mg m À3 , which was different from those in previous studies in Tianjin (Tian et al, 2016b;Wu et al, 2015;Chen et al, 2015). Compared with other regions, the PM 2.5 concentration levels in this study were lower than those in Beijing (Zíkov a et al, 2016).…”

“…Cement dust had the smallest contribution percentage at 2.8%. These results are relatively consistent with previous studies (Tian et al, 2016b). Other models used for source apportionment in this study were PMF, WALSPMF and NCAPCA.…”

A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2.5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties, and their relationships across China

“…The ions including SO 2− 4 , NO − 3 and NH + 4 were measured by ion chromatography. Measurement uncertainties should be less than 15 % in most cases under strict QA/QC procedures (Orsini et al, 2003;Trebs et al, 2004;Weber et al, 2003), but could be larger for ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) since it can evaporate from the filters before chemical analysis under high temperature and low RH conditions, and this applies to both quartz fiber filter and Teflon filter (Keck and Wittmaack, 2005;Weber et al, 2003). The loss of NO − 3 due to evaporation was found to range from 4 to 84 % depending on the ambient temperature (Chow et al, 2005).…”

A review of current knowledge concerning PM<sub>2. 5</sub> chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China

“…Chen et al, 2014a;Dan et al, 2004;Duan et al, 2006;Han et al, 2014;He et al, 2001;Huang et al, 2014b;Lin et al, 2016;Okuda et al, 2011;Pathak et al, 2011;Song et al, 2006aSong et al, , 2007Sun et al, 2004Sun et al, , 2006Tan et al, 2016a;Tao et al, 2016aTao et al, , 2015aTian et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2005aYang et al, , 2016Zhang et al, 2013a;Zhao et al, 2013c), Tianjin (Cao et al, 2012b;Gu et al, 2010Gu et al, , 2011Tian et al, 2016;Zhao et al, 2013c), Shijiazhuang and Chengde , respectively. It is noted that major pollutant sources in BTH were located south of Hebei Province and the prevailing winds in BTH were from the north in winter and from the south in summer Lu et al, 2010Lu et al, , 2011Wang et al, 2013;Xu et al, 2011).…”

“…Regional annual mean PM 2.5 was 115 ± 29, 96 ± 28, 50 ± 16 and 100 ± 35 µg m −3 in BTH (Y. Duan et al, 2006;He et al, 2001Song et al, 2006a;Tian et al, 2016;Wang et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2011a, b;Zhang et al, 2013a;Zhao et al, 2013c;Zhou et al, 2015a;Zíková et al, 2016), YRD (Feng et al, 2009;Li et al, 2015aLi et al, , 2016aLiu et al, 2015;Ming et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2006Wang et al, , 2016bYe et al, 2003;Zhao et al, 2015b), PRD (Hagler et al, 2006;Huang et al, 2013;Louie et al, 2005a;Tao et al, 2014cTao et al, , 2017 and Sichuan Basin (Y. Tao et al, 2013aTao et al, , 2014aWang et al, 2017a;Yang et al, 2011b), respectively, which was 3 to 6 times, 2 to 3 times, 1 to 2 times and 3 to 6 times NAAQS, respectively.…”