Soybean oil methanolysis over scallop shell-derived CaO prepared via methanol-assisted dry nano-grinding

Abstract

Calcium oxides with a specific surface area between 4.5 m 2 g-1 and 62.5 m 2 g-1 were obtained by calcination of scallop shells, following by methanol-assisted dry nano-grinding. Three distinct phases are formed on the surface of these catalysts during nano-grinding: calcium methoxide, calcium hydroxide, and calcium oxide. The effects of specific surface area and active surface phase composition on the catalytic activity of calcium oxide during methanolysis of soybean oil were investigated. The properties of the calcium oxide before, during, and after methanol assisted dry nano-grinding were studied by XRD, FTIR, and nitrogen gas adsorption based on the BET method. The ground calcium oxides were found to be effective in catalyzing the methanolysis of soybean oil, with the optimal catalyst producing a 72.3% ester yield after 20 mins of reaction. The improvements in rate of reaction were attributed to the rapid formation of calcium diglyceroxide during the initial stages of methanolysis. A combination high specific surface area and effective active phases on the surface of the calcium oxide catalysts is correlated with reductions in mass transfer limitations in the early steps of the reaction, indicated by the rapid formation of calcium diglyceroxide.

Morphological and Structural Changes in Microcrystalline Cellulose from OPEFB by Mechanical Grinding

“…The D 50 values are 11.27 µm, 21.148 µm, and 42.65 µm acetone-assisted, ethanol-assisted and dry state methods, respectively. This phenomenon was in agreement with Panjaitan et al (2016), by the SEM analysis, revealed agglomeration occurring during the grinding course [8]. The reason for distinguished D 50 results on applying solvent-assisted was the interaction of solvents (ethanol or acetone) which partially coat the MCC during the grinding, thus prevents the agglomeration.…”

“…This phenomenon changes the crystalline structure, induces the crystal defect and dislocation. At the same time, the grinding reduces the particle size and increases the specific surface area [4,8]. Using solvent-assisted method, coarse particles of MCC become finer (Figure 2 and 3).…”

“…According to the manufacturer (Nikkato Corporation, Japan) the grinding media has a density of 5.950 kg m -3 and chemical composition of 95% of zirconia and 5% yttria. Mechanical grinding treatments adapting the method as described in [8] based on original procedures described in [9]. Solvent-assisted used were ethanol and acetone.…”

Enhancing Biodiesel Production Using Green Glycerol-Enriched Calcium Oxide Catalyst: An Optimization Study

“…The synthesized catalyst was used to assist the methanolysis reaction between refined Jatropha curcas oil containing extremely low FFAs content. Additionally, the catalytic activity of CaDg have been tested for biodiesel production from few lipid feedstocks such as, soybean oil [21,26,27], sunflower oil [28], castor oil [29] and waste cooking oil [30]. Looking at the novel catalytic proficiency of glycerol-enriched CaO, the reports focused on its utilization for biodiesel production are extremely low in comparison with those of neat CaO catalyst.…”

Optimization of Production Process of Nano-Calcium Oxide from <i>Pinctada maxima</i> Shell by Using Taguchi Method

“…where TLj is the total loss function, Wi is the number of response variable, and ηj is SNR value [28][29].…”