Space Radiation Countermeasures

Hellweg, Christine E.; Matthiä, Daniel; Berger, T.; Baumstark‐Khan, Christa

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46744-9_5

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…In the same period, considerable advances were made in regard to solar radiation. Notably, protons were also considered to be the most abundant particles emitted from the Sun [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: The Three Sources Of Ionizing Radiation Emitted From Spacmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous hypotheses were formulated about the injuries that such particle flux may cause on electronics, materials, and overall, on human health at each passage above the SAA. From this period, on-board radiation dosimetry was systematically set up for each space mission [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: The Three Sources Of Ionizing Radiation Emitted From Spacmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, IRS is generally divided into three major sources: the cosmos, the Sun and the Van Allen radiation belt. Their physical features are fairly well known [ 16 , 17 ] ( Figure 1 ): The cosmos: Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) is composed of 85% protons, 14% helium ions, and about 1% heavier elements, such as iron. In GCR, the corresponding fluxes are about four particles/cm 2 /s for protons, 0.4 for helium ions and 10 −4 to 10 −2 for heavier ions.…”

Section: The Three Sources Of Ionizing Radiation Emitted From Spacmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation on Earth or in Space: What Does It Change?

Restier-Verlet

El-Nachef

Ferlazzo

et al. 2021

IJMS

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After having been an instrument of the Cold War, space exploration has become a major technological, scientific and societal challenge for a number of countries. With new projects to return to the Moon and go to Mars, radiobiologists have been called upon to better assess the risks linked to exposure to radiation emitted from space (IRS), one of the major hazards for astronauts. To this aim, a major task is to identify the specificities of the different sources of IRS that concern astronauts. By considering the probabilities of the impact of IRS against spacecraft shielding, three conclusions can be drawn: (1) The impacts of heavy ions are rare and their contribution to radiation dose may be low during low Earth orbit; (2) secondary particles, including neutrons emitted at low energy from the spacecraft shielding, may be common in deep space and may preferentially target surface tissues such as the eyes and skin; (3) a “bath of radiation” composed of residual rays and fast neutrons inside the spacecraft may present a concern for deep tissues such as bones and the cardiovascular system. Hence, skin melanoma, cataracts, loss of bone mass, and aging of the cardiovascular system are possible, dependent on the dose, dose-rate, and individual factors. This suggests that both radiosusceptibility and radiodegeneration may be concerns related to space exploration. In addition, in the particular case of extreme solar events, radiosensitivity reactions—such as those observed in acute radiation syndrome—may occur and affect blood composition, gastrointestinal and neurologic systems. This review summarizes the specificities of space radiobiology and opens the debate as regards refinements of current radiation protection concepts that will be useful for the better estimation of risks.

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“…In the same period, considerable advances were made in regard to solar radiation. Notably, protons were also considered to be the most abundant particles emitted from the Sun [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: The Three Sources Of Ionizing Radiation Emitted From Spacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Three Sources Of Ionizing Radiation Emitted From Spacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Three Sources Of Ionizing Radiation Emitted From Spacmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Radiation on Earth or in Space: What Does It Change?

Restier-Verlet

El-Nachef

Ferlazzo

et al. 2021

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Uncertainties in detrimental health risks from space radiation exposure are main mission-duration limiting factors in the planning of long-term interplanetary missions involving astronauts (Hellweg et al 2020 ; Chancellor et al 2014 ). Current detrimental health risk assessments for space applications mainly consider how to account for and protect against heavy-ion carcinogenesis (Durante and Cucinotta 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A bespoke health risk assessment methodology for the radiation protection of astronauts

Walsh

Hafner

Straube

et al. 2021

Radiat Environ Biophys

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An alternative approach that is particularly suitable for the radiation health risk assessment (HRA) of astronauts is presented. The quantity, Radiation Attributed Decrease of Survival (RADS), representing the cumulative decrease in the unknown survival curve at a certain attained age, due to the radiation exposure at an earlier age, forms the basis for this alternative approach. Results are provided for all solid cancer plus leukemia incidence RADS from estimated doses from theoretical radiation exposures accumulated during long-term missions to the Moon or Mars. For example, it is shown that a 1000-day Mars exploration mission with a hypothetical mission effective dose of 1.07 Sv at typical astronaut ages around 40 years old, will result in the probability of surviving free of all types of solid cancer and leukemia until retirement age (65 years) being reduced by 4.2% (95% CI 3.2; 5.3) for males and 5.8% (95% CI 4.8; 7.0) for females. RADS dose–responses are given, for the outcomes for incidence of all solid cancer, leukemia, lung and female breast cancer. Results showing how RADS varies with age at exposure, attained age and other factors are also presented. The advantages of this alternative approach, over currently applied methodologies for the long-term radiation protection of astronauts after mission exposures, are presented with example calculations applicable to European astronaut occupational HRA. Some tentative suggestions for new types of occupational risk limits for space missions are given while acknowledging that the setting of astronaut radiation-related risk limits will ultimately be decided by the Space Agencies. Suggestions are provided for further work which builds on and extends this new HRA approach, e.g., by eventually including non-cancer effects and detailed space dosimetry.

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Space Radiation Countermeasures

Cited by 2 publications

References 56 publications

Radiation on Earth or in Space: What Does It Change?

Radiation on Earth or in Space: What Does It Change?

A bespoke health risk assessment methodology for the radiation protection of astronauts

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