Spaceborne atomic clock performance review of BDS-3 MEO satellites

Wei, Wang; Wang, Yupu; Yu, Chao; Xu, Fen; Dou, Xiaojing

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2021.109075

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The drift rate of Rb clocks on the BDS-3 MEO satellite is about 1.15 × 10 −18 s/s and that of the PHMs is 3.15 × 10 −19 s/s, which are 7.5% and 73% less than that of BDS-2 Rb clocks, respectively [14]. The noise level of BDS-3 MEO clocks evaluated by the daily fitting residuals is about 0.2 ns [15]. Moreover, the 2-hour, 10-hour, and 7-day prediction precisions of BDS-3 PHMs are about 0.3, 0.4, and 2.2 ns, respectively [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The BDS-3 constellation consists of three GEO, twenty-four MEO, and three IGSO satellites, which were developed and manufactured by CAST and the Shanghai Engineering Centre for Microsatellites (SECM) [9,10]. With construction of the BDS-3 system, some initial studies were carried out on the performance of the BDS-3e and BDS-3 MEO satellite onboard clocks [12][13][14][15][16][17]. The drift rate of Rb clocks on the BDS-3 MEO satellite is about 1.15 × 10 −18 s/s and that of the PHMs is 3.15 × 10 −19 s/s, which are 7.5% and 73% less than that of BDS-2 Rb clocks, respectively [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of BDS-3 Onboard Clocks Based on GFZ Precise Clock Products

Geng

Jiang

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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The characteristics and performance of satellite clocks are important to the positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users. Although China’s BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) has been fully operational for more than one year, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the onboard clocks of the entire BDS-3 constellation. In this study, the precise clock products of GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) from day-of-year (DOY) 1, 2021 to DOY 300, 2021 were used to analyze the characteristics and performance of BDS-3 onboard clocks from the following aspects: clock bias, frequency, drift rate, fitting residuals, periodicity, and frequency stability. Compared with BDS-2, the clock quality of BDS-3 satellites has been greatly improved, but there are still jumps in the clock offsets and frequency series of BDS-3 clocks. The drift rate of BDS-3 clocks varies within the range between −2×10−18 and 2×10−18 s/s2. The daily model fitting residuals of passive hydrogen masers (PHM) on BDS-3 medium Earth orbit (MEO), inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO), and geostationary (GEO) satellites are 0.15, 0.28, and 0.46 ns, respectively. The overlapping Allan deviation (OADEV) of BDS-3 MEO clocks is 4.0 × 10−14 s/s at a time interval of 1000 s. The PHMs on BDS-3 MEO satellites exhibit fewer periodic signals than those of Rb clocks. In addition, the precise clock offsets of the BDS-3 PHMs carried on the MEO, IGSO, and GEO satellites show different periodicities, which are similar to those of the corresponding types of BDS-2 satellites.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of BDS-3 Onboard Clocks Based on GFZ Precise Clock Products

Geng

Jiang

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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“…Various studies have been performed on the relativistic effects of GNSS satellite clocks. Han [11] and Wang et al [12] analyzed the BeiDou satellite clocks, including the influences of the Earth's shape and the tidal potentials of the Sun and Moon. Wang et al [13] studied the J2 relativistic effect on the performance of on-board GPS and BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) clocks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relativistic effects of LEO satellite and its impact on clock prediction

Wang

Liu

et al. 2023

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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Low Earth Orbit (LEO) augmentation in the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has become a focus in the current satellite navigation field. To achieve high precision in Positioning Navigation and Timing (PNT) services, relativistic effects should be considered, as they are difficult to distinguish from LEO satellite clock estimates and disturb their predictions. The relativistic effects on LEO satellite clocks are discussed in detail based on both theoretical and empirical results. Two LEO satellite clock prediction strategies are proposed, with and without removing the relativistic effect, using real data from typical LEO satellites: SENTINEL-3B and GRACE FO-1. For GRACE FO-1 and SENTINEL-3B, the relativistic effects are both on the order of nanoseconds and after removing the relativistic effects, the Modified Allan Deviations (MDEVs) of the clocks are shown to be significantly improved. Based on the prediction strategies proposed, for SENTINEL-3B at around 810 km, with the prediction period increased from 30 to 3600 s, the RMS increases from 0.025ns to about 1.4 to 1.6 ns. For the lower LEO satellite GRACE FO-1 at around 500 km, the RMS of the predicted clocks increases more rapidly, i.e., from 0.012 ns at 30 s to about 4.5 ns at 3600 s. Results showed that the LEO satellite relativistic effects developed based on the theory can correct the majority, but not all of the once- and twice-per-revolution terms in the LEO satellite clocks. Although the corrections have exhibited effective improvements in the clock stability, they do not behave better than simply applying the mathematical model to the clock predictions. The latter model, however, does not have physical foundations as the former one.

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“…The stability of these new onboard atomic clocks has been improved by a factor of Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 1460 2 of 17 10 compared with the RAFSs adopted onboard the BeiDou-2 satellites, and can be compared to the RAFSs employed onboard the GPS III satellites, as well as the PHMs used onboard the Galileo satellites [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing the Solar Radiation Pressure Model for BeiDou-3 IGSO Satellites

Xia

Chen

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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In the absence of detailed surface information, empirical solar radiation pressure (SRP) models, such as the five-parameter Empirical CODE Orbit Model (ECOM1) and its extended version-ECOM2, are widely used for modeling SRP forces acting on GNSS satellites. This study shows that the orbits of BeiDou-3 Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit satellites (IGSOs) determined with the ECOM1 model suffer from systematic once-per-revolution radial orbit errors, which can be partly reduced by the ECOM2 model. To eliminate such orbit errors, the BeiDou-3 IGSO optical coefficients are solved by using an adjustable box-wing (ABW) model and then introduced into an a priori box-wing SRP model to enhance the ECOM1 model (ECOM1 + BW). In the ABW solution, in addition to satellite body and solar panels, the contributions of the communication payloads installed on BeiDou-3 IGSO ±X panels on the SRP are also considered, which markedly improves the stability of the optical coefficient estimates. The efficiency of the developed a priori box-wing model is demonstrated through eliminated once-per-revolution radial orbit errors and decreased day boundary discontinuities. However, the orbit solutions still show significant degradations during eclipse seasons. The results of the first yaw-attitude analysis for eclipsing BeiDou-3 IGSOs show that their yaw behaviors are the same as those of BeiDou-3 CAST (China Academy of Space Technology) MEOs (Medium Earth Orbit satellites), and have been well considered in the study. This rules out the possibility that attitude errors are the potential reason for the orbit deterioration. By introducing a once-per-revolution sine term in the Sun direction (Ds term) and keeping Ds active during the Earth’s shadow transitions to the ECOM1 + BW model, the orbit performance inside the eclipse seasons is significantly improved and can be comparable to that outside the eclipse seasons.

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Spaceborne atomic clock performance review of BDS-3 MEO satellites

Cited by 18 publications

References 16 publications

Analysis of BDS-3 Onboard Clocks Based on GFZ Precise Clock Products

Analysis of BDS-3 Onboard Clocks Based on GFZ Precise Clock Products

Relativistic effects of LEO satellite and its impact on clock prediction

Advancing the Solar Radiation Pressure Model for BeiDou-3 IGSO Satellites

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