Spatial and statistical analysis of leptospirosis in Thailand from 2013 to 2015

Abstract

This study analyzes the temporal pattern and spatial clustering of leptospirosis, a disease recognized as an emerging public health problem in Thailand. The majority of those infected are farmers and fishermen. Severe epidemics of leptospirosis in association with the rainy reason have occurred since 1996. Still, an understanding of the annual variation and spatial clustering of the disease is lacking. Data were collected from the Center of Epidemiological Information, Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Public Health, covering the nationwide incidence of leptospirosis during the period 2013-2015. Clustering techniques, including local indicators of spatial association and local Getis-Ord Gi* statistic, were used for the analysis and evaluation of the annual spatial distribution of the disease. Both these statistics revealed similar results for the areas with the highest clustering patterns of leptospirosis. Specifically, there were persisting hotspots in north-eastern and southern parts of Thailand over the three years covered by the study. This outcome suggests that healthcare resources should be allocated to the areas characterized by leptospirosis clustering.

The Investigation of Significant Leptospirosis Hotspots during the Initial COVID-19 Pandemic in the City of Jakarta, Indonesia

“…Spatial autocorrelation test has also been used to investigate the spatial pattern in incidence of leptospirosis in different studies elsewhere [15][16][17] , which also result similar finding with this present study. the emergence of leptospirosis is known to be associated with climate and environmental factors.…”

Optimization of Culture Protocols to Isolate Leptospira spp. from Environmental Water, Field Investigation, and Identification of Factors Associated with the Presence of Leptospira spp. in the Environment

“…: Si Sa Ket (SSK) and Nakhon Si Thammarat (NST) provinces, in the northeast and south of Thailand, respectively. Relatively high rates of leptospirosis morbidity have been reported in these regions, according to national disease surveillance data and previous studies [26]. During the field investigation, we recorded key characteristics of water sources and the presence of different animal species around the water source in each of the sampling areas.…”

Spatial distribution models of seroreactive sheep toLeptospiraspp. in Veracruz, Mexico

“…It is worth mentioning that Veracruz is the region of Mexico with the highest number of annual floods, that is, more than 50% of the total nationwide (Zúñiga et al, 2020). In this regard, outbreaks of leptospirosis are exacerbated by high temperatures during meteorological phenomena (Luenam & Puttanapong, 2019), which could explain its relationship with the variables precipitation seasonality and precipitation in the months wettest, driest, warmest, and coldest Icterohaemorrhagiae and Sejroe in this study.…”

“…Sejroe is the serogroup that most affects sheep worldwide (Santos et al., 2019; Vincent et al., 2019), causing reproductive problems such as miscarriages, birth of weak calves and death of lambs, and infertility (Zilber et al., 2014). Other serogroups that can affect sheep are Pomona and Grippotyphosa; however, this depends on the geographical area in question, since some serogroups are more adapted to certain regions (Gracie et al., 2014), since there is a close relationship between environmental conditions and the distribution of the pathogen, surviving better in tropical conditions (Luenam & Puttanapong, 2019).…”