Spatial Differentiation Of Global Solar Radiation in Toruń And its Suburban Area (Central Poland) in 2012

Abstract

: This article investigates the spatial distribution of global solar radiation (K↓) in Toruń and its suburbs, observed in 2012. Measurements were taken at 12 points (7 within the city and 5 in the suburban area) using CNR4 net radiometers and automatic weather stations (Vantage Pro+). At all locations, the diurnal and annual courses of K↓ were typically related to the Earth’s rotational movement and changes in the sun’s declination over the year, and disturbed by clouds and atmospheric phenomena that enhance the extinction of solar radiation. A substantial spatial diversity of K↓ was observed in Toruń and its suburbs. The annual sum of K↓ at several urban locations accounted for over 70% of the solar radiation in the open space outside the city. The amount of incoming solar radiation in the urban area was more restricted in winter (<50%) than in summer (approx. 70%). The diurnal courses of K↓ were heavily disturbed by local obstacles which cast shadows (causing a considerable decrease of K↓), but there were instances of increases in K↓ (122%) augmented by radiation reflected from roofs, walls and windows surrounding the measurement point. The spatial diversity of K↓ in the urban area is heterogeneous, due to local meteorological conditions (cloudiness, fog, smog and airborne dust) and the obscuring of the horizon.

Badania klimatu miejskiego w Toruniu prowadzone przez Katedrę Meteorologii i Klimatologii UMK – zarys historii i uzyskanych wyników

“…The measurements carried out in Toruń in 2011-2018 made it possible to analyse the spatial distribution and annual course of selected elements of the city's climate (Figs 3-8). The research results have been published in articles, including on the spatial differentiation of: total insolation (Kejna et al 2014); air temperature (Przybylak et al 2017); air humidity (Uscka-Kowalkowska et al 2014b); wind direction and speed (Strzyżewski et al 2015); and biometeorological conditions (Araźny et al 2015(Araźny et al , 2016.…”

Radiation balance diversity on NW Spitsbergen in 2010–2014

“…A detailed methodology has been described by Kejna et al (2014). As much as 4739.7 MJ m -2 of solar energy reached the upper limit of the atmosphere at NYA, and the annual sum of K↓ was 2322.6 MJ m -2 (Table 3).…”

Solar radiation variability at Koniczynka near Toruń (Central Poland) in the years 2003–2016

“…The missing data was sourced from another pyranometer (used in a set with a CNR4 net radiometer from 2011) or on the basis of correlation with sunshine duration. The obtained data was compared with corresponding data from another sensor (CNR4) and no significant discrepancies were found (Kejna et al 2014b).…”

“…Also in Kraków, as compared with its suburban zone, the mean values of K↓ were lower, especially around noon (7%), and in winter (25%) (Matuszko and Struś 2007). In Toruń the amount of K↓ in the centre of the city is as much as 30% lower (Kejna et al 2014b). Nelken and Leziak (2017) stated that on clear days in spring and summer more energy reaches agricultural areas (Belsk), whereas in autumn more K↓ was observed at the urban site (Warsaw).…”