Spatial distribution and influence of large woody debris in an old-growth forest river system, New Zealand

Baillie, Brenda R.; Garrett, Loretta G.; Evanson, Anthony W.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.01.051

Cited by 44 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Major structural factors that may influence SW function are piece diameter, presence of rootwads and branches, decay state, form, and piece species. Elements of the SW relationship with a stream channel include wood length/channel width ratio, how it rests within the channel (position), degree of anchoring, and horizontal orientation (Braudrick and Grant, 2000;Chen et al, 2008;Cordova et al, 2007;Baillie et al, 2008;Magilligan et al, 2008;Jones et al, 2011). In an earlier study, we documented that burned wood recruited to streams following a fire generally was thicker, had less structural complexity, and was more decayed than wood that was not burned .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…We suggest that these characteristics are relevant for a broad spectrum of SW functions, including their well-established role on the probability of pool formation and as primary controls on the stability of SW (Beechie and Sibley, 1997;Grant, 2000, 2001;Martin and Benda, 2001;Baillie et al, 2008;Magilligan et al, 2008). Piece diameter and the presence of rootwads (raising the center of mass of a piece) strongly influence the depth of flow required to entrain and transport logs (e.g.…”

Section: What Wood Structure Favors Function Within Streams?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Which stream wood becomes functional following wildfires?

Vaz¹,

Merten²,

Warren³

et al. 2013

Ecological Engineering

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a b s t r a c tLarge wood is a critical element in stream ecosystems, but only a subset of wood pieces actually provide hydraulic, geomorphic, and ecological functions. We test the current paradigm that larger pieces provide more function, and examine the role wildfires may play in affecting functionality of recruited wood. We conducted a cross-basin analysis in nine central Portugal watersheds, obtaining a variety of measurements on 1483 wood pieces (diameter ≥ 0.05 m; length ≥ 0.5 m) in 27 streams burned within six years prior. We examined nonlinear relationships and indirect effects on function using Generalized Additive Modeling and Structural Equation Modeling. Variables with direct effects on function were piece diameter, rootwads, anchoring, position (bridging, ramping, loose), longitudinal distance along the stream continuum, and the ratio of piece length to channel width. The effect of length ratio on function was nonlinear. Relatively long pieces were more likely to be functional until they were ∼3 times the channel width, at which point longer pieces became less likely to be functional. Post-fire wood likely lacked complexity and longer pieces were more likely to be bridging; both conditions may have prohibited them from interacting with the wetted area. Wildfires had indirect effects on function. Burned pieces were more likely to be large in diameter (thus more likely functional) but not anchored (thus less likely functional); these antagonistic effects may be the reason burned status had no direct effect on function. Our results challenge the wellestablished idea that the function of wood in streams is simply a matter of wood size, along with indicators of longevity (e.g. stability and decay status). Relatively long pieces may in fact provide less function to the stream, at least until they break or are transported further downstream. Practitioners installing wood to streams should consider pieces with wide diameter and rootwads, approximately 3 times the channel width, and anchored but not bridging the channel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: What Wood Structure Favors Function Within Streams?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Which stream wood becomes functional following wildfires?

Vaz¹,

Merten²,

Warren³

et al. 2013

Ecological Engineering

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“…Natural wood loading in streams ranged from ϳ10 m 3 ·m −2 of channel area in deciduous-softwoods (willows) to well over 1000 m 3 ·m −2 in conifer forests (Gurnell 2003). Examples include low loadings of 0.021-222 m 3 ·m −2 in high-elevation and drier environments (Berg et al 1998;Dunkerley 2014;Hering et al 2000;Lester et al 2006), moderate loadings of 227-638 m 3 ·m −2 in dense forests (e.g., Baillie et al 2008;Carlson et al 1990), and high loadings of over 1000 m 3 ·m −2 in California redwood forests (MacDonald et al 1982).…”

Section: Wood Mobilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Volume of wood per unit area is often lower in larger rivers because they can transport more wood than smaller streams (Gurnell 2003;Naiman et al 2002;Seo et al 2010), even though total wood abundance per unit length of channel can be much higher (Baillie et al 2008). In some densely forested areas, large logjams (spanning the full channel and more than 1 km long) may have created very high wood abundances per unit of channel area, though exact values have not been calculated (Collins et al 2002).…”

Section: Wood Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood placement in river restoration: fact, fiction, and future direction

Roni

Beechie

Pess

et al. 2015

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

194

211

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Despite decades of research on wood in rivers, the addition of wood as a river restoration technique remains controversial. We reviewed the literature on natural and placed wood to shed light on areas of continued debate. Research on river ecology demonstrates that large woody debris has always been a natural part of most rivers systems. Although a few studies have reported high structural failure rates (>50%) of placed instream wood structures, most studies have shown relatively low failure rates (<20%) and that placed wood remains stable for several years, though long-term evaluations of placed wood are rare. The vast majority of studies on wood placement have reported improvements in physical habitat (e.g., increased pool frequency, cover, habitat diversity). Studies that have not reported improvements in physical habitat often found that watershed processes (e.g., sediment, hydrology, water quality) had not been addressed. Finally, most evaluations of fish response to wood placement have shown positive responses for salmonids, though few studies have looked at long-term watershed-scale responses or studied a wide range of species.Résumé : Malgré des décennies de recherche sur le bois dans les rivières, l'ajout de bois comme technique de restauration demeure controversé. Nous avons passé en revue la documentation sur le bois naturel et mis en place pour faire la lumière sur les enjeux qui font toujours l'objet de débat. La recherche en écologie fluviale démontre que les grands débris ligneux ont toujours constitué une composante naturelle de la plupart des réseaux fluviaux. Si quelques études ont signalé des taux élevés de défaillance structurale (>50 %) des structures en bois mises en place dans des cours d'eau, la plupart des études ont noté des taux de défaillance assez faibles (<20 %) et montré que le bois mis en place dans les cours d'eau demeurait stable pendant plusieurs années, les évaluations à long terme du bois mis en place étant toutefois rares. La grande majorité des études sur la mise en place de bois font état d'améliorations de l'habitat physique (p. ex. fréquences accrues de mouilles, couvert, diversité des habitats). Bon nombre des études n'ayant pas constaté d'amélioration de l'habitat physique notaient que les processus hydrographiques (p. ex. sédiments, hydrologie, qualité de l'eau) n'avaient pas été pris en considération. Enfin, si la plupart des évaluations de la réaction des poissons à la mise en place de bois ont relevé des réactions positives en ce qui concerne les salmonidés, peu d'études ont examiné les réactions à long terme à l'échelle du bassin versant ou étudié un grand éventail d'espèces. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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“…La distribución de las orientaciones fue similar a la encontrada por Baillie et al (2008) en el río Whirinaki en Nueva Zelandia. Andreoli et al (2008) reportan que en el río Toro, Chile, las piezas no estaban distribuidas aleatoriamente, pero en este caso los elementos dispuestos ortogonalmente a la corriente representan un 51 %.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified