Spatial distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds in coastal waters from the East to South China Sea

Characterizing direct emissions of perfluoroalkyl substances from ongoing fluoropolymer production sources: A spatial trend study of Xiaoqing River, China

“…Generally, the concentrations of PFASs in water from Section 3 of Xiaoqing River were among the highest ever reported (Lein et al, 2008;Bao et al, 2011;Shan et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2014b). Concentrations of PFASs in marine waters outside of the Xiaoqing estuary (W29eW36: 586e8120 ng/L) were also 2e3 orders of magnitude higher than concentrations previously reported for coastal seawater in China (Cai et al, 2012) and elsewhere (Zhao et al, 2012;Benskin et al, 2012a;Takemine et al, 2014). It should, however, be noted that the spatial trend of P PFASs was dominated by C4eC9 PFCAs which are primarily associated with FP production.…”

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the lower atmosphere and surface waters of the Chinese Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and Yangtze River estuary

“…The PFOA concentrations in the waters of the Yellow Sea and Yangtze River estuary were similar to those in the Baltic Sea (0.25 to 4.45 ng/L) , but higher than those in the waters of the North Sea (b 0.2 to 2.43 ng/L) and coastal Norway (0.07 to 0.35 ng/L) . The PFOS concentrations in the waters of the Bohai Sea (b 0.03to 0.12 ng/L), Yellow Sea (b0.03 to 0.11 ng/L), and Yangtze River estuary (b 0.03 to 0.20 ng/L) were comparable to those of the Dalian coast, China (0.1 to 0.2 ng/L) , eastern to southern Chinese coasts (0.02 to 0.07 ng/L) (Cai et al, 2012b), and the South China Sea (0.008 to 0.11 ng/L) (Yamashita et al, 2005). Kwok et al (2015) investigated the PFOA and PFOS levels in the South China Sea for the same year (2012) as the current study.…”

“…The concentrations of PFOA (2.3 to 106 ng/L) in the Bohai Sea water in the current study were comparable to those for the Dalian Coast (1.5 to 95.7 ng/L) . For the Yellow Sea (0.89 to 14 ng/L) and Yangtze River estuary, the PFOA concentrations (0.98 to 6.9 ng/L) were comparable to those for the coastal areas of Hong Kong (0.67 to 5.5 ng/L), though these were higher than those for the eastern and southern Chinese coasts (0.04 to 1.5 ng/L) (Cai et al, 2012b) and the South China Sea (0.16 to 0.42 ng/L) (Yamashita et al, 2005). As compared to other coastal areas globally, the PFOA concentrations in the Bohai Sea water were similar to those of the Tokyo Bay water (2.7 to 63 ng/L), which is a semiclosed bay in Japan (Sakurai et al, 2010).…”

“…Several studies have reported on the PFAS-derived pollutions, especially PFOA and PFOS, along the Chinese coastline (Cai et al, 2012b;So et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2011). The composition of ionic PFASs in surface water was significantly different geographically.…”

A review of sources, multimedia distribution and health risks of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in China

“…The status of PFAAs in China was first reported by Jin et al (2003). From 2003 to 2014, studies about PFAAs in China have been focused primarily on four aspects, including detection of PFAAs in different environmental media, risk assessment of PFAAs on environment and ecosystem, toxicology to humans and wildlife, and estimation of sources and emission Cai et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2012;Xie et al, 2013a,b;Yeung et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2011). Previous studies have summarized and compared PFAAs concentration and contamination profiles in aquatic biota and human tissues, emissions and degradation mechanisms, bioaccumulation and biotransformation processes (Houde et al, 2006b(Houde et al, , 2011Lau et al, 2007;Conder et al, 2008;Houde et al, 2011;Liu and Avendano, 2013).…”