Spatial Perception towards Social Conflicts and the Built Environment in Indonesia

Abstract

Violent conflicts in Indonesia that occurred at the end of the 1990s involved different socio-cultural groups. However, people generally denied that the conflicts had a strong motive in socio-cultural elements, such as ethnicity and religious differences. On the other hand, the effect of conflict on the built environment told the opposite. The perception of conflicts differs from place to place. This paper aims to explore the spatial pattern of perception towards conflicts and the built environment. It employes both quantitative data and qualitative data. The research distributed more than 500 questioners in 3 different areas that experienced severe violent conflicts during that time. The questionnaire asked what elements have the most significant contribution to the conflicts. Also, a series of field observation identifies the social-cultural component of the built environment. The finding confirms that although people denied the difference in socio-economic-cultural elements is the main causal aspects of conflicts, the pattern demonstrates a potential linkage between them. This information would be useful for the post-conflict intervention at the urban level.

Analysis of Studies on Traffic Crashes Involving the Elderly:

“…Many researchers have investigated the influencing factors of crashes in the elderly (Al AlKheder, AlRukaibi et al, 2020;Amiri, Sadri et al, 2020;Casado-Sanz, Guirao et al, 2019;Haule, Sando et al, 2019;Noh, Kim et al, 2018;Pan, Wu et al, 2022;Park, Choi et al, 2021;Wen, Qu et al, 2021;Yuan, Q., Zhang et al, 2022;, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the elderlyinvolved accidents (Cardona, Arango et al, 2017;Chang, Li et al, 2020;Etehad, Yousefzadeh-Chabok et al, 2015;Freitas, Bonolo et al, 2015;Kang, Cho et al, 2018;Nishino, 2013;Prochowski, Gidlewski et al, 2018;Sadeghi-Bazargani, Samadirad et al, 2018;Sagar, Stamatiadis et al, 2020;Setiawan, 2021), safety awareness and risk cognition of the elderly (Doi, Ishii et al, 2020;Guo, Shi et al, 2018;Hamido, Hamamoto et al, 2021;Handa and Mitobe, 2020;Jian and Shi, 2020;Laosee, Rattanapan et al, 2018;Makizako, Shimada et al, 2018;Nakagawa, 2019;Nishiuchi, Park et al, 2021;Pulvirenti, Distefano et al, 2020;Söllner and Florack, 2019;Uchibori, Handa et al, 2021). Using traditional traffic safety analysis methods, scholars have analysed the relationship between the number or severity of crashes and various factors involving human error, vehicles and the road environment to find the cause of accidents.…”