Spatial Transformation Characteristics and Conflict Measurement of Production-Living-Ecology: Evidence from Urban Agglomeration of China

Abstract

The land development by human beings has changed from the initial small-scale and low-level transformation to the comprehensive utilization of large-scale and high-intensity implementations. The contradiction between production-living-ecology space (PLES) has become increasingly prominent while drawing land dividends. As one of the important birthplaces of Chinese civilization and the ecological barrier in the northern region, the rapid urbanization and industrialization of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) make the ecological environment very fragile, and the imbalance of land and space development is extremely serious. Therefore, according to the multifunctional characteristics of land use, this paper establishes a classification system of production space (PS), living space (LS) and ecology space (ES), and discusses the spatiotemporal evolution and conflict distribution characteristics of the PLES with the help of the transfer matrix and spatial conflict index (SCI). The results are as follows. In 1990–2020, agricultural production space (APS), grassland ecology space (GES) and other ecology space (OES) yielded the largest proportion of PLES in the YRB. However, compared with 1990, the area of these spatial types decreased in 2020, while the urban living space (ULS) expanded rapidly. The distribution pattern of PLES was generally consistent, and the transformation between PLES in Ningxia, central Inner Mongolia, Loess Plateau and downstream areas was relatively intense. The conflict index of PLES showed an upward trend, but it was generally in a controllable range. The stable and controllable areas were concentrated in the upstream of the urban agglomeration, and the midstream and downstream were basic out of control and seriously out of control, respectively.

Assessment of the Carrying Capacity and Suitability of Spatial Resources and the Environment and Diagnosis of Obstacle Factors in the Yellow River Basin

“…PLES focuses on identification and classification, spatial conflict, and simulation and prediction. In terms of identification methods, the identification methods of PLES are mainly divided into the top-down indicator measurement method and the bottom-up land-use-type method, with the former evaluating the land use function by constructing an indicator system using the coupled coordination degree model [ 6 ], the entropy-value method [ 7 ], and the GIS spatial analysis method [ 8 , 9 ] and dividing the PLES by the evaluation results; the latter merges and divides the spaces with equally dominant functions based on land use types [ 10 , 11 ]. The conflict of the PLES is essentially the result of the need to make trade-offs between the quantity of land and its usage because of the limited amount of territory and the constraints of the climatic environment [ 12 ], which, in turn, leads to conflicts, manifested in the process of spatial and temporal competition and gaming between various land use subjects in the same location for spatial resources with land as the core [ 13 , 14 ].…”

“…The conflict of the PLES is essentially the result of the need to make trade-offs between the quantity of land and its usage because of the limited amount of territory and the constraints of the climatic environment [ 12 ], which, in turn, leads to conflicts, manifested in the process of spatial and temporal competition and gaming between various land use subjects in the same location for spatial resources with land as the core [ 13 , 14 ]. Research on land use conflicts is divided into conflict identification [ 15 ], spatial evolution [ 11 ], and drivers [ 16 , 17 ]; thus far, as far as scenario simulation is concerned, theories and methods for simulating land use changes based on various scenarios have gradually matured with the advancement of land use research [ 1 ]. Different research methods have different applicability and characteristics, and simulation models are broadly divided into quantitative forecasting models and spatial pattern forecasting models.…”

Research on Sustainable Land Use in Alpine Meadow Region Based on Coupled Coordination Degree Model—From Production–Living–Ecology Perspective

“…The accelerated industrialization and urbanization of the 20th and 21st centuries have dramatically altered land use patterns, resulting in an increased demand for production-living-ecology spaces (PLES) [3]. Moreover, the imbalance in the utilization of space for PLES has caused environmental pollution, degradation of ecosystem functions, incomplete living space facilities and lack of vitality [4]. Therefore, constructing a national land space utilization pattern and forming a coordinated PLES is an effective way to mitigate many of the problems caused by land use.…”

Study on the Spatial and Temporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Factors of the “Production–Living–Ecological Space” in Changfeng County

“…Following reforms and opening up, the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization has caused disorderly land reclamation, the blind expansion of production and living space scales, the deterioration of the ecological environment, and tension between humans and land. Conflicts involving production-life-ecological space (PLES) are also becoming increasingly prominent [1][2][3]. The relationship between PLES and human beings has become seriously imbalanced due to the uncontrolled development of living space and the tightening of resource constraints.…”