Spatial variability in iron nutritional status of large diatoms in the Sea of Okhotsk with special reference to the Amur River discharge

Abstract

Abstract. The Sea of Okhotsk is known as one of the most biologically productive regions among the world's oceans, and its productivity is supported in part by the discharge of iron (Fe)-rich water from the Amur River. However, little is known about the effect of riverine-derived Fe input on the physiology of the large diatoms which often flourish in surface waters of the productive continental shelf region. We conducted diatom-specific immunochemical ferredoxin (Fd) and flavodoxin (Fld) assays in order to investigate the spatial variability of Fe nutritional status in the microplankton-sized (20–200 μm; hereafter micro-sized) diatoms. The Fd index, defined as the proportion of Fd to the sum of Fd plus Fld accumulations in the cells, was used to assess their Fe nutritional status. Additionally, active chlorophyll fluorescence measurements using pulse-amplitude-modulated (PAM) fluorometry were carried out to obtain the maximum photochemical quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II for the total micro-sized phytoplankton assemblages including diatoms. During our observations in the summer of 2006, the micro-sized diatoms were relatively abundant (> 10 μg C L−1) in the neritic region, and formed a massive bloom in Sakhalin Bay near the mouth of the Amur River. Values of the Fd index and Fv/Fm were high (> 0.9 and > 0.65, respectively) near the river mouth, indicating that Fe was sufficient for growth of the diatoms. However, in oceanic waters of the Sea of Okhotsk, the diatom Fd index declined as cellular Fld accumulation increased. These results suggest that there was a distinct gradient in Fe nutritional status in the micro-sized diatoms from near the Amur River mouth to open waters in the Sea of Okhotsk. A significant correlation between dissolved Fe (D-Fe) concentration and the Fd index was found in waters off Sakhalin Island, indicating that D-Fe was a key factor for the photophysiology of this diatom size class. In the vicinity of the Kuril Islands between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean, micro-sized diatoms only accumulated Fld (i.e., Fd index = 0), despite strong vertical mixing consistent with elevated surface D-Fe levels (> 0.4 nM). Since higher Fe quotas are generally required for diatoms growing under low light conditions, the micro-sized diatoms off the Kuril Islands possibly encountered Fe and light co-limitations. The differential expressions of Fd and Fld in micro-sized diatoms helped us to understand how these organisms respond to Fe availability in the Sea of Okhotsk in connection with the Amur River discharge.

Responses of phytoplankton assemblages to iron availability and mixing water masses during the spring bloom in the Oyashio region, NW Pacific

“…Cell pellet were stored in a deep freezer (−80°C) or in liquid nitrogen until analysis on land. Fd and Fld proteins of micro‐sized diatoms were analyzed following Suzuki et al (, ) and Hattori‐Saito et al (). The intensity of flavodoxin in each band was normalized to that of the positive control for flavodoxin, which was derived from an Fe‐deficient centric diatom Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii isolated from the NW subarctic Pacific (Suzuki et al ).…”

“…Although the spring diatom bloom in the Oyashio region is a regular key event of the biological production, the bloom often terminates with incomplete depletion of macronutrients (Saito et al ), suggesting that other factors, for example, iron availability and zooplankton grazing, can regulate spatiotemporal changes in the spring bloom. Iron is now recognized as a limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in not only HNLC regions but also some coastal regions (e.g., Hutchins and Bruland ; Suzuki et al ) where diatom blooms sometimes occurs (Moore et al ). Diatoms have well evolved iron‐related metabolisms (Groussman et al ; Marchetti and Maldonado ), for example, Fe (and Cu) metalloprotein substitution of ferredoxin (Fd)/flavodoxin (Fld) and cytochrome c 6 /plastocyanin, and an Fe storage capacity (ferritin).…”

Variations of total dissolved iron and its impacts during an extreme spring flooding event in the Songhua River

“…The Sea of Okhotsk is characterized by a highly productive ocean region, contributed to the sufficient dissolved iron transported from the Amur River (Suzuki et al, 2014). As the largest tributary, the Songhua River was indicated to be a crucial source of iron (Wang et al, 2012).…”

Increased temperature benefits growth and photosynthetic performance of the sea ice diatom Nitzschia cf. neglecta (Bacillariophyceae) isolated from saroma lagoon, Hokkaido, Japan

“…, Suzuki et al. , Kasai and Hirakawa ). The Sea of Okhotsk is currently undergoing a period of sustained seasonal sea ice loss, putatively due to global warming (Kashiwase et al.…”