Spatial Variation in U.S. Labor Markets and Workplace Gender Segregation: 1980–2005*

Abstract

Many studies of workplace inequality have examined why workplace gender segregation still exists and how gender segregation affects workplaces (Cohen, Huffman, and Knauer 2009 Work and Occupations 36(4):318; Huffman, Cohen, and Pearlman 2010 Administrative Science Quarterly 55(2):255). Yet, fewer studies have examined how space might affect gender segregation. In this paper, we investigate two types of space, normative space and industrial space, and their influence on gender workplace segregation within geographic space. We use data from the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and mixed models to examine how normative and industrial spaces affect workplaces within geographic space. We find that both measures of normative and industrial space predict differing levels of gender segregation within geographic spaces (measured via commuting zones). In addition, the effects normative space (women's share of the labor force) has on gender segregation are mediated by industrial restructuring.

Occupational gender segregation and economic growth in U.S. local labor markets, 1980 through 2010

“…The focal predictor in Eq 1, d ilt, is the index of dissimilarity measuring occupational gender segregation by industry, labor market, and year. d is commonly used to measure occupational gender segregation [61,62] and captures the degree to which women and men workers are unevenly distributed across separate occupations with respect to their overall representation in the labor force:…”

Gendered Places: The Dimensions of Local Gender Norms across the United States

“…We aggregate county-level data from the 2017 American Community Survey five-year sample 4 (Manson et al 2019) to calculate each commuting zone’s index of dissimilarity measuring the gender segregation of field of bachelor’s degree for college degree holders aged 25 years or older. 5 The index of dissimilarity is one of the most common measures of segregation (Dickerson et al 2010; Taylor et al 2019) and is calculated as the summed absolute difference in the number of women and men across fields of study relative to their overall population among college degree holders. Estimates from the index are interpreted as the percentage of women and men that would have to change educational fields for there to be perfect gender integration, with a score of zero indicating perfect integration and a score of one reflecting absolute segregation.…”

Ruang Gender Haruskah Selalu dipisah? Ruang Kelola Wilayah Adat dan Pendekatan Ekologi Politik Feminis

“…Sebagai hasil dari interaksi sosial, ruang bersifat tidak netral gender (Panayiotou, 2015, p. 428). Secara umum, ruang gender merujuk pada pemisahan, pembagian, dan pembedaan ruang antara antara laki-laki dan perempuan, feminin dan maskulin, ranah domestik dan publik, dsb (Arjmand, 2017;Hesmondhalgh & Baker, 2015;Khuzwayo, 2016;Taylor et al, 2019). Pengaturan ruang berbasis gender memiliki tujuan yang beragam, dan seringkali menempatkan perempuan sebagai subordinasi dari laki-laki.…”

“…Di Turki, pembedaan gender telah melarang perempuan Kurdish bersuara di ruang publik, bahkan untuk bernyanyi sekalipun (Schäfers, 2018). Pada masyarakat industrial, pemisahan ruang gender berdampak pada pembedaan jenis pekerjaan dan upah antara laki-laki dan perempuan (Elmhirst et al, 2017;Hesmondhalgh & Baker, 2015, p. 25;Taylor et al, 2019). Bagi masyarakat desa dan atau adat, pemisahan ruang gender dapat berdampak pada pembatasan akses dan eksklusi atas penguasaan, pemanfaatan, dan pengelolaan atas sumber daya alam, khususnya lahan pertanian.…”