Spatial variations in selected metal contents and particle size distribution in an urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan

Shah, Munir H.; Shaheen, N.; Jaffar, M.; Khalique, Aeysha; Tariq, Saadia R.; Manzoor, S.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.011

Cited by 70 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, K, Na, Ti, and Zn [57] In total, 129 samples were collected from an urban site in Lahore (near two airports) with 6 h of sampling from November 2005 to January 2006 Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb [89] In total, 96 samples from an urban site and 79 samples from a rural site were collected from November 2002 to April 2003 with sampling duration of 12 h on day time basis Na, K, Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr, Zn, and Co [94] In total, 61 samples from an urban site and 44 samples from a rural site were collected from ) [50] but was much higher than for international cities such as Bangkok (60 ng m ). [34] Awan et al [43] analyzed Cd, Pb, and Zn from 48 TSP samples both quantitatively and qualitatively by FAAS and XRF, respectively.…”

Section: Sampling Detail Major Species Analyzed Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

Alvi

Chishtie

Shahid

et al. 2017

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Like other Asian countries, Pakistan is facing the issue of air pollution due to rapid urbanization, enormous transportation increases, and other related human activities. Moreover, continuously increasing emission sources have not only raised pollutant concentrations but also their types, thus damaging both human health and the environment. Faisalabad is the third largest megacity of Pakistan and its state of air quality is getting worse due to factors such as industrialization, high traffic volumes, and extensive fossilfuel-burning activities. This review article aims to highlight the present status of air pollution in this city with special reference to particulate matter, elemental profiles, gaseous pollutants, organic-inorganic particulate contents as well as their sources. The concentration levels of these entities were also compared with other national and international cities, and related environmental standards. It is found that current levels of these pollutants are beyond safety limits as specified by various environment protection agencies and organizations. Several weak aspects and gaps are also identified along with suggestions for improvements of the present situation and directions for future research.

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Section: Sampling Detail Major Species Analyzed Referencementioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

Alvi

Chishtie

Shahid

et al. 2017

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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“…In addition, particulate mass originates mostly from fine particles and about 88% of PM 10 mass were from PM 2.5 (Salam et al, 2008). Among the inorganic compounds, most essential ones are the trace metals, which are emitted by diverse natural and anthropogenic sources such as crustal materials, road dust, construction activities, motor vehicles, coal and oil combustion, incineration and other industrial activities (Watson et al, 2002;Quiterio et al, 2004;Arditsoglou and Samara, 2005;Shah et al, 2006;Shah and Shaheen 2010).…”

Section: Sources Of Air Pollutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brick kiln emissions and its environmental impact: A Review

Skinder¹,

Sheikh²,

Pandit³

et al. 2014

J. Ecol. Nat. Environ.

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Brick manufacturing is the fastest-growing industrial sector in many countries (like china, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan) and among the top three sectors, along with vehicle exhaust and resuspended road dust, contributing to the air pollution and health problems in Dhaka (Bangladesh). The total emissions from the brick manufacturing in the Greater Dhaka region, to produce 3.5 billion bricks per year has been estimated about 23,300 tons of particulate matter having aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm (PM 2.5 ), 15,500 tons of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), 302,000 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 6,000 tons of black carbon (BC) and 1.8 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) . Emission of individual air pollutant from brick kilns varied significantly during a firing batch (seven days) and between kilns. Average emission factors per 1,000 bricks were 6.35 to 12.3 kg of CO, 0.52 to 5.9 kg of SO 2 and 0.64 to 1.4 kg of particulate matter (PM). Presently sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) are the main issue pertaining to air pollution problems in developing countries, where it contributes both to urban pollution and to regional acid depositions. Among man-made sources, coal combustion in stationary sources accounts for 74%, industries 22% and transportation 2% of the total oxides of sulphur (SO x ) . and it is considered that SO 2 is the chief emission in brick production. On an international basis, 75 to 85% of SO 2 emissions are the result of fossil fuel burning. It is predictable that just about 93% of the global SO 2 emissions are emitted in the northern hemisphere. It has been revealed that biomass is responsible for the emission of both trace and non trace gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ) and oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) from traditional brick industries and lots of toxic fumes containing suspended particulate matters rich in carbon particles and high concentration of CO and SO x get produced. Studies have shown the average value of particulate matter of size less than ten microns and total suspend particles for the preoperation time of brick kilns was 0.029 and 0.033 mg/m³, respectively whereas, it reached 0.050 and 0.056 mg/m³, respectively during the brick kiln operation time. Similarly, recent studies on brick kilns in District Budgam of Kashmir valley (India) have shown some major negative impacts on the environment in respect of air quality, human health and vegetation in particular.

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“…It is, particularly, the fine and ultra-fine PM that harbours the capacity to outsmart the natural defence functions within our respiratory system (Samara et al, 2003;Quiterio et al, 2004;Shah et al, 2006b;Pérez et al, 2008;Begum et al, 2010). The particle size appears to have a carrier capacity for associated chemicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation of Selected Metals in Particulate Matter at an Industrial City Kota, India

Meena

Chandrawat

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This study investigates seasonal variation in concentration of some heavy metals in suspended and respirable particulate matter (SPM and RPM) collected from five different zones situated in Kota city during both summer (March, April, May and October) and winter (January, February, November and December) seasons of 2011-2012. Mean concentrations of anthropogenic origin metals (Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd) were higher in winter and lower in summer with their relative abundance in order: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd while reverse trend was observed for crustal origin metals (Ca, Mg and Fe) at all zones. Meteorological conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity and wind direction during winter and summer were found affecting the metals concentration trends in different seasons. Wind roses indicate that the zones lying in predominant North-east wind direction from point source (KSTPS) in winter (25.74%) and summer (15.31%) faced higher metal burden following zone 1, which is suffering most owing to its closest location to the source. Statistical analysis by Pearson's correlations, enrichment factor and principal component analysis indicates that coal based Thermal Power Plant is the major source of heavy metals besides other industrial activities in the study area. It is to be noted that because of higher residence time, significant concentration of Pb is found at all the zones in the city which, probably, has its origin in earlier vehicular exhaust as well.

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Spatial variations in selected metal contents and particle size distribution in an urban and rural atmosphere of Islamabad, Pakistan

Cited by 70 publications

References 37 publications

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

Brick kiln emissions and its environmental impact: A Review

Seasonal Variation of Selected Metals in Particulate Matter at an Industrial City Kota, India

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