Spearman's hypothesis and Amerindians: A meta-analysis

Nijenhuis, Jan te; Hoek, Michael van den; Armstrong, Elijah L.

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.02.006

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For instance, te Nijenhuis et al (2016c) showed strong support for Spearman's hypothesis by comparing the scores of ethnic Dutch and non-Western immigrants. Recent meta-analyses also confirmed Spearman's hypothesis for Amerindians (te Nijenhuis et al, 2015d) and Black adults (te Nijenhuis & van den Hoek, 2016). Spearman's hypothesis has been confirmed in comparisons between sub-races as well: for instance, non-Jewish Whites versus Jews in the US, and European Jews versus Oriental Jews in Israel (te Nijenhuis et al, 2014a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Te Nijenhuis et al (2017b) carried out a meta-analysis of Spearman's hypothesis tested on East Asian samples, leading to a mean rho = −0.27 for the Verbal scales and rho = 0.44 for the Performal scales. Amerindians are the descendants of North Asian migrants and showed a Jensen effect of rho = 0.62 in a meta-analysis (te Nijenhuis et al, 2015d). Latin-American Hispanics are the descendants of Amerindians and Europeans and several studies have shown Jensen effects for Latin-American Hispanic immigrants in the US.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spearman’s hypothesis tested comparing Korean young adults with various other groups of young adults on the items of the Advanced Progressive Matrices

et al. 2019

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Spearman’s hypothesis tested at the subtest level of an IQ battery states that differences between races on the subtests of an IQ battery are a function of the g loadings of these subtests, such that there are small differences between races on subtests with low g loadings and large differences between races on subtests with high g loadings. Jensen (1998) stated that Spearman’s hypothesis is a law-like phenomenon. It has also been confirmed many times at the level of items of the Raven’s Progressive Matrices. This study hypothesizes that with concern to Spearman’s hypothesis, subtests and items function in fundamentally the same way, and tested whether Spearman’s hypothesis is confirmed at the item level for White–East Asian comparisons. A group of Korean young adults (N=205) was compared with other groups of young adults from Canada, the US, Russia, Peru and South Africa (total N=4770) who took the Advanced Progressive Matrices. Spearman’s hypothesis was strongly confirmed with a sample-size-weighted r with a value of 0.63. Computing the g loadings of the items of the Raven with either the Raven-g or the Wechsler-g led to the same conclusions. Tests of Spearman’s hypothesis yielded less-strong outcomes when the 36-item Advanced Progressive Matrices were used than when the 60-item Standard Progressive Matrices were used. There is a substantial correlation between sample size and the outcome of Spearman’s hypothesis. So, all four hypotheses were confirmed, showing that a part of the subtest-level nomological net replicates at the item level, strengthening the position that, with concern to Spearman’s hypothesis, subtests and items function fundamentally the same. It is concluded that Spearman’s hypothesis is still a law-like phenomenon. Detailed suggestions for follow-up research are made.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spearman’s hypothesis tested comparing Korean young adults with various other groups of young adults on the items of the Advanced Progressive Matrices

et al. 2019

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“…Second, in order to obtain a reliable estimate of the correlation between each of the variables and g loadings, the cognitive batteries had to be based on a minimum of five subtests. Jensen [10,31] used six subtests as a minimum, but in recent meta-analyses using the method of correlated vectors [12,13,[32][33][34][35] it has been empirically shown that if the underlying relationship is strongly positive or strongly negative a test battery with five subtests in the majority of cases still strongly bring out the theoretically expected correlation. However, in many cases using four subtests leads to unstable outcomes, although for exploratory purposes four subtests could still be used.…”

Section: Rules For Inclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jensen devised the method of correlated vectors as the test of Spearman's hypothesis: the g loadings of all the subtests are computed to construct the vector of g loadings and the standardized group differences on the same subtests are computed to construct the d vector, and then these two are correlated. Within the U.S., there is a lot of empirical support for Spearman's hypothesis comparing Whites and Blacks [11], Amerindians [12], and Jews [13]. It should be noted that European Jews have higher mean scores than both non-Jewish Whites and Oriental Jews.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

A Meta-Analysis of Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Latin-American Hispanics, Including a New Way to Correct for Imperfectly Measuring the Construct of g

Nijenhuis

Hoek

Dragt

2019

Psych

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Spearman’s hypothesis states that the difference in intelligence between groups is a function of the g loadings of the subtests, where larger differences are found on tests with higher g loadings. This finding has consistently been supported on various groups. In this study we look at samples of Latin-American Hispanics in comparison to Whites. We carried out a meta-analysis based on 14 data points and a total of 16,813 Latin-American Hispanics, including a new way to correct for imperfectly measuring the construct of g. Spearman’s hypothesis was strongly supported with a mean r of 0.63. After correction for various statistical artifacts this value became rho = 0.91. Therefore, we conclude that Spearman’s hypothesis also holds true for White/Latin-American Hispanic differences.

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“…Spearman's hypothesis has been extended from its original focus on Black/White comparisons to all kinds of comparisons between racial groups, and many empirical tests have been conducted, including various meta-analyses. In the US, the relationship has been ascertained for Chinese-Americans and Whites [11], Amerindians and Whites [12], and Jews and non-Jewish Whites [13]. The relationship has also been ascertained for Black/White difference in South Africa [14,15], and Zimbabwe [16], and Dutch natives and non-Western immigrants [17][18][19].…”

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confidence: 99%

Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested Comparing 47 Regions of Japan Using a Sample of 18 Million Children

Kura

Nijenhuis

Dutton³

2019

Psych

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Many groups differ in their mean intelligence score. Spearman’s hypothesis states that the differences are a function of cognitive complexity. There tend to be large differences on subtests of high cognitive complexity and small differences on subtests of low cognitive complexity. Spearman’s hypothesis has been supported by a large number of studies. Can Spearman’s hypothesis be generalized to regions of a country, where these regions differ in mean intelligence? We utilized data from 86 different cognitive tests from all 47 Japanese prefectures and correlated the g loadings of 86 subtests with standardized differences on the same subtests. Spearman’s hypothesis was clearly supported: the biggest differences between the regions were on the tests that were of the greatest complexity, meaning that Spearman’s hypothesis may be generalizable from groups to regions. In Japan, g loadings offer a better explanation of group differences in intelligence than cultural differences. Future research should explore whether Spearman’s hypothesis is also supported for differences between regions of other countries.

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Spearman's hypothesis and Amerindians: A meta-analysis

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

Spearman’s hypothesis tested comparing Korean young adults with various other groups of young adults on the items of the Advanced Progressive Matrices

Spearman’s hypothesis tested comparing Korean young adults with various other groups of young adults on the items of the Advanced Progressive Matrices

A Meta-Analysis of Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested on Latin-American Hispanics, Including a New Way to Correct for Imperfectly Measuring the Construct of g

Spearman’s Hypothesis Tested Comparing 47 Regions of Japan Using a Sample of 18 Million Children

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