Special Issue: Gut Bacteria-Mucus Interaction

Juge, Nathalie

doi:10.3390/microorganisms7010006

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…Our results contrast, in part, with other studies of Blastocystis colonization in rodent models. Many studies have reported an association between Blastocystis and pathogenicity and attributed pathogenicity to factors including the status of the mucin barrier, diversity of microbiota, its effect on tight junctions related to intestinal permeability, and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in the gut wall ( Wawrzyniak et al, 2013 ; Ajjampur and Tan, 2016 ; Ajjampur et al, 2016 ; Audebert et al, 2016 ; Lepczyńska et al, 2017 ; Siegwald et al, 2017 ; Lepczyńska and Dzika, 2019 ). Yet, other studies, or in some cases the same studies, in rodents report no effect of Blastocystis on measures of health such as weight loss, diarrhea, and cytokine expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blastocystis Colonization Alters the Gut Microbiome and, in Some Cases, Promotes Faster Recovery From Induced Colitis

et al. 2021

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Protists are a normal component of mammalian intestinal ecosystems that live alongside, and interact with, bacterial microbiota. Blastocystis, one of the most common intestinal eukaryotes, is reported as a pathogen that causes inflammation and disease, though health consequences likely vary depending on host health, the gut ecosystem, and genetic diversity. Accumulating evidence suggests that Blastocystis is by and large commensal. Blastocystis is more common in healthy individuals than those with immune mediated diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Blastocystis presence is also associated with altered composition and higher richness of the bacterial gut microbiota. It is not clear whether Blastocystis directly promotes a healthy gut and microbiome or is more likely to colonize and persist in a healthy gut environment. We test this hypothesis by measuring the effect of Blastocystis ST3 colonization on the health and microbiota in a rat experimental model of intestinal inflammation using the haptenizing agent dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). We experimentally colonized rats with Blastocystis ST3 obtained from a healthy, asymptomatic human donor and then induced colitis after 3 weeks (short term exposure experiment) or after 13 weeks (long term exposure experiment) and compared these colonized rats to a colitis-only control group. Across experiments Blastocystis ST3 colonization alters microbiome composition, but not richness, and induces only mild gut inflammation but no clinical symptoms. Our results showed no effect of short-term exposure to Blastocystis ST3 on gut inflammation following colitis induction. In contrast, long-term Blastocystis exposure appears to promote a faster recovery from colitis. There was a significant reduction in inflammatory markers, pathology 2 days after colitis induction in the colonized group, and clinical scores also improved in this group. Blastocystis colonization resulted in a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and IL-1β relative gene expression, while expression of IFNγ and IL17re/17C were elevated. We obtained similar results in a previous pilot study. We further found that bacterial richness rebounded in rats colonized by Blastocystis ST3. These results suggest that Blastocystis sp. may alter the gut ecosystem in a protective manner and promote faster recovery from disturbance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blastocystis Colonization Alters the Gut Microbiome and, in Some Cases, Promotes Faster Recovery From Induced Colitis

et al. 2021

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“…As bacteria do not enter the inner mucus layer and the host do not secrete mucin glycan glycosidases, the outer surface of the inner mucus layer expose the intact mucin domain glycans as biosynthesized by the host (Fig. 6a) (22,70). This is likely of fundamental importance for host microbial selection.…”

Section: Large Intestinementioning

confidence: 99%

Mucins and the Microbiome

Hansson

2020

Annu. Rev. Biochem.

259

204

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Generating the barriers that protect our inner surfaces from bacteria and other challenges requires large glycoproteins called mucins. These come in two types, gel-forming and transmembrane, all characterized by large, highly O-glycosylated mucin domains that are diversely decorated by Golgi glycosyltransferases to become extended rodlike structures. The general functions of mucins on internal epithelial surfaces are to wash away microorganisms and, even more importantly, to build protective barriers. The latter function is most evident in the large intestine, where the inner mucus layer separates the numerous commensal bacteria from the epithelial cells. The host's conversion of MUC2 to the outer mucus layer allows bacteria to degrade the mucin glycans and recover the energy content that is then shared with the host. The molecular nature of the mucins is complex, and how they construct the extracellular complex glycocalyx and mucus is poorly understood and a future biochemical challenge.

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“…Given the importance of the gut microbiota as a modulator of health and disease, increasing attention has been devoted to the role played by mucus in the interaction with gut bacteria (Juge, 2019). As described above (section 4), various experimental models increasing in complexity from simple in vitro assays to cell lines, organ-on-chips, in vitro colon fermentation systems or animal models have been developed and successfully applied to the study of gut microbe-mucus interactions.…”

Section: Limitations Of Current Experimental Models Involving Mucus Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental models to study intestinal microbes–mucus interactions in health and disease

Etienne‐Mesmin

Chassaing

Desvaux

et al. 2019

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Self Cite

141

104

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A close symbiotic relationship exists between the intestinal microbiota and its host. A critical component of gut homeostasis is the presence of a mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract. Mucus is a viscoelastic gel at the interface between the luminal content and the host tissue that provides a habitat to the gut microbiota and protects the intestinal epithelium. The review starts by setting up the biological context underpinning the need for experimental models to study gut bacteria-mucus interactions in the digestive environment. We provide an overview of the structure and function of intestinal mucus and mucins, their interactions with intestinal bacteria (including commensal, probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms) and their role in modulating health and disease states. We then describe the characteristics and potentials of experimental models currently available to study the mechanisms underpinning the interaction of mucus with gut microbes, including in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo models. We then discuss the limitations and challenges facing this field of research.

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Special Issue: Gut Bacteria-Mucus Interaction

Abstract: The mucus layer covering the gastrointestinal tract plays a critical role in maintaining a homeostatic relationship with our gut microbiota. [...]

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Blastocystis Colonization Alters the Gut Microbiome and, in Some Cases, Promotes Faster Recovery From Induced Colitis

Blastocystis Colonization Alters the Gut Microbiome and, in Some Cases, Promotes Faster Recovery From Induced Colitis

Mucins and the Microbiome

Experimental models to study intestinal microbes–mucus interactions in health and disease

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