Specific absorption rate assessment near a base-station antenna (2,140 MHz): some key points

Lacroux, Fabrice; Conil, Emmanuelle; Carrasco, Albert Cortel; Gati, Azeddine; Wong, M.F.; Wiart, Joe

doi:10.1007/s12243-007-0005-2

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although other publications use a surface [Lacroux et al, 2008] to calculate compliance boundaries based on the reference levels, we have chosen to average E rms over a volume surrounding the VFM, because the reference levels should be averaged over the entire body [ICNIRP, 1998]. …”

Section: Compliance Distancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar compliance distance can also be defined by comparing E rms averaged over a volume (the BB of the VFM) with the reference levels, that is, d E compl ðf ; PÞ. Although other publications use a surface to calculate compliance boundaries based on the reference levels [Lacroux et al, 2008], we have chosen to average E rms over a volume surrounding the VFM because the reference levels should be averaged over the entire body [ICNIRP, 1998].…”

Section: Compliance Boundariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier studies by Bernardi et al [2000], Cooper et al [2002], Joseph and Martens [2005], Lacroux et al [2008], and Gosselin et al [2009] aimed at evaluating SAR and electric fields in the proximity of a BSA. In those studies, compliance distances were determined in the direction of the antenna's main lobe using measurements or simulations of electric fields.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compliance boundaries for multiple‐frequency base station antennas in three directions

Thielens

Vermeeren

Kurup

et al. 2013

Bioelectromagnetics

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Section: Compliance Distancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Compliance Boundariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compliance boundaries for multiple‐frequency base station antennas in three directions

Thielens

Vermeeren

Kurup

et al. 2013

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…In the literature, numerical SAR assessments have been reported in a number of studies using various techniques [Cooper et al, 2002;Joseph et al, 2003;Joseph and Martens, 2005;Martínez-Búrdalo et al, 2005;van Wyk et al, 2005;Kos et al, 2011]. Results from numerical SAR simulations, evaluated against the basic restrictions, have also been compared with power density results, evaluated with respect to the reference levels [Dimbylow, 2002;Lacroux et al, 2008;Thielens et al, 2013]. In most of these studies, either simple generic or detailed antenna models are used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio frequency electromagnetic field compliance assessment of multi‐band and MIMO equipped radio base stations

Thors

Thielens

Friden

et al. 2014

Bioelectromagnetics

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In this paper, different methods for practical numerical radio frequency (RF) exposure compliance assessments of radio base station (RBS) products are investigated. Both multi-band base station antennas and antennas designed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission schemes are considered. For the multi-band case, various standardized assessment methods are evaluated in terms of resulting compliance distance with respect to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels and basic restrictions. Both single frequency and multiple frequency (cumulative) compliance distances are determined, using numerical simulations for a mobile communication base station antenna transmitting in four frequency bands between 800 MHz and 2600 MHz. The assessments are conducted in terms of the root-mean squared electromagnetic field, the whole-body averaged SAR and the peak 10g averaged SAR. In general, assessments based on peak field strengths are found to be less computationally intensive but lead to larger compliance distances than spatial averaging of electromagnetic fields used in combination with localized SAR assessments. As long as adult exposure is considered, the results also indicate that even shorter compliance distances are obtained by using assessments based on localized and wholebody SAR. Numerical simulations, using base station products employing multiple-input multipleoutput (MIMO) transmission schemes, are performed as well and are in good agreement with reference measurements. The applicability of various field combination methods for correlated exposure is investigated, and best estimate methods are proposed. It is also shown, that field combining methods generally considered as conservative may be used to efficiently assess compliance boundary dimensions of single-and dual-polarized multicolumn base station antennas with only minor increases in compliance distances. Key words: Mobile communication; Electromagnetic field exposure; EMF compliance; SpecificAbsorption Rate; MIMO; Multi-standard radio base station; Multi-band radio base station. INTRODUCTIONBefore radio base station (RBS) products are placed on the market, their manufacturers conduct electromagnetic field (EMF) product compliance assessments to make sure that the equipment fulfills relevant regulatory requirements on EMF exposure. The purpose of these assessments is to determine compliance boundaries outside of which the radiofrequency (RF) EMF exposure is below applicable exposure limits. The most widely adopted exposure limits are specified by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) [ICNIRP, 1998]. For frequencies between 10 MHz to 10 GHz, including the frequency range used for mobile communications, the fundamental dosimetric quantity is the specific absorption rate (SAR). SAR corresponds to the rate of dissipated energy per unit mass within the exposed body due to the incident electromagnetic fields. Assessing exposure with respect to the basic re...

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“…Various numerical simulation techniques are now available and provide alternative effective methods to determine SAR distributions in highly sophisticated millimeter-resolution anatomically based models. Among those techniques, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has become the most widely used method for bio-electromagnetic applications [7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation of Whole-Body Sar From a 100 MHZ Dipole Antenna

Zhang¹,

Alden²

2011

PIER

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Abstract-This paper presents results of a dosimetry study at an FM broadcasting frequency of 100 MHz. The work focused on SAR calculations with high resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-based full-body models. FDTD computer modeling used a half-wave dipole as the exposure source. Extensive calculations give the variation of SAR with distance and show that whole-body average SAR exhibits a different distance dependency from the incident power density. Body size has a significant effect on SAR. Based on the numerical results, an empirical formula was developed to describe the relationship between antenna input power and distance for the limiting SAR value.

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Specific absorption rate assessment near a base-station antenna (2,140 MHz): some key points

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Compliance boundaries for multiple‐frequency base station antennas in three directions

Compliance boundaries for multiple‐frequency base station antennas in three directions

Radio frequency electromagnetic field compliance assessment of multi‐band and MIMO equipped radio base stations

Calculation of Whole-Body Sar From a 100 MHZ Dipole Antenna

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