Specific absorption rate reduction of multi split square ring metamaterial for L- and S-band application

Ramachandran, Tayaallen; Faruque, Mohammad Rashed Iqbal; Ahamed, Eistiak; Abdullah, Sabirin

doi:10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102668

Cited by 50 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Table 3 lists the comparison of the proposed metamaterial's SAR reduction percentage and gain with the other structures that are discussed in the recent literature. It is inferred that the proposed structure for SAR reduction is compact in size compared with the others proposed in [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. However, the multi split square ring metamaterial in [32] is more compact, and yet the percentage reduction achieved in the proposed work is more than that of the former.…”

Section: Specific Absorption Rate Analysismentioning

confidence: 85%

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A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

Rosaline¹

2021

PIER C

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A compact triple-band antenna of size 20 × 13 × 1.6 mm 3 for WLAN (2.4/5 GHz) and WiMAX (3.5 GHz) applications and a metamaterial slab for Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) reduction are proposed in this paper. The antenna comprises a rectangular patch with two conjoint square split rings, attached along its top edge, to excite two resonances in the 2.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz range. The antenna is also backed with a slotted ground plane structure to achieve miniaturization. The radiator is subsequently slotted to yield the third tone around 3.5 GHz. Several parameters are tuned independently to achieve the desired bands of resonance around (2.2-2.6) GHz, (3.40-3.60) GHz, and (5.0-6.9) GHz with impedance bandwidths of 17%, 5.5%, and 46%, respectively. To validate the simulated results, the designed antenna is fabricated and measured experimentally. Later, a metamaterial slab composed of a 5 × 3 array of pentagonal split-rings printed on a 20 × 13 × 1.6 mm 3 FR-4 substrate is placed above the antenna at a suitable distance to increase the gain as well as to reduce the SAR. Inclusion of this slab improved the maximum radiation efficiency and gain of the proposed antenna from 65% and 2.7 dB to 80% and 3 dB. A cubical tissue model is designed and used for simulation. SAR reduction of 84.5% is inferred with the metamaterial slab. This paper has taken a cubical tissue model for SAR calculation, which can be further enhanced by taking a human phantom model in future.

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Section: Specific Absorption Rate Analysismentioning

confidence: 85%

“…A metallic casing loop is proposed in [31] for SAR reduction. A multi split square ring metamaterial is proposed for SAR reduction in [32]. Many of these proposed metamaterials make use of negative permeability and permittivity characteristics in achieving reduction in the EM absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

Rosaline¹

2021

PIER C

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“…This article distillates on microstrip antennas used in portable wireless systems 7 as shown in Figure 1. Antennas like MSAs, wearable structures and conformal geometries are well harmonized with requirements of handheld devices 7–118 . Study on planar antennas 7–39 is diverse and interesting due to which the discussion is essential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antennas like MSAs, wearable structures and conformal geometries are well harmonized with requirements of handheld devices 7–118 . Study on planar antennas 7–39 is diverse and interesting due to which the discussion is essential. 4G technology is allowed to share dynamically make use of network resources to support numerous consumers per cell.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

State‐of‐art design aspects of wearable, mobile, and flexible antennas for modern communication wireless systems

Gharode

Nella

Maheswar

2021

Int J Communication

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Summary In this present contemporary epoch, wireless communication appliances exemplified meteoric progression in technology. These systems entail an antenna in every strand of communication. Depending upon the recent expansions in generations, the antennas become more compact, lightweight, portable, wearable, cost‐effective, and conformal while maintaining essential performance characteristics like impedance bandwidth, efficiency, gain, SAR, etc. This review is envisioned to unveil state‐of‐art in conventional and unconventional antenna technologies in recent times and offers knowledge to readers about a large regime of antenna designs suitable for different wireless communication system applications like GSM, GPS, Wi‐Fi, WLAN, bluetooth, 4G, and 5G under a single head. It is unambiguously worth stating that recent 5G antenna designs will unleash new breaks in leapfrogging all outmoded blockades in developments. Intended wireless communication systems take in mobiles, laptops, smart wears, tablets, etc., while antenna technologies cover wearable models, conformal structures, MIMO configurations, microstrip and planar monopole antennas. This study draws attention towards multi‐band and wide‐band accomplishment techniques, SAR analysis, bending and twisting effects of conformal or wearable antennas, effect of human body and wireless appliances on antenna performance. As per the study, FCC set a standard value of SAR as equal or below to 1.6 W/kg for 1 g of body tissue. IEC standards regulated a limit on SAR value as 2 W/kg, which is average value over 10 g of body tissue. Also, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of below 0.05, diversity gain of less than 10 dB and a maximum channel capacity of 0.4 bit/s/Hz are necessary for MIMO systems.

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“…In this research work, the authors analysed two different antennas with leaf structure design, i.e., with and without metasurface at 2.40 GHz WLAN ISM band. Besides that, a numerical simulation for SAR reduction applications that have just two resonance frequencies at L- and S-bands, respectively were investigated by Ramachandran et al 23 . A 11 × 11 mm 2 and 1.60 mm thick dielectric substrate material was selected for this study with employed 0.30–4 GHz frequency range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of 5G cellular network radiation in wireless mobile phone using an asymmetric square shaped passive metamaterial design

Ramachandran

Faruque

Siddiky

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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This study aims to demonstrate the feasibility of metamaterial application in absorption reduction of 5G electromagnetic (EM) energy in the human head tissue. In a general sense, the radio frequency (RF) energy that received by wireless mobile phone from the base station, will emit to surrounding when the devices are in active mode. Since the latest fifth generation technology standard for cellular networks is upon us, the emission of radiation from any wireless devices needs to be taken into consideration. This motivation helps to prepare this paper that focuses on construction of novel and compact square-shaped metamaterial (SM) design to reduce electromagnetic exposure to humans. The commercially available substrate material known as FR-4 with thickness of 1.6 mm was selected to place the metamaterial design on it. The electromagnetic properties and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analyses were carried out numerically by utilising high-performance 3D EM analysis, Computer Simulation Technology Studio (CST) software. Meanwhile, for the validation purpose, the metamaterial designs for both unit and array cells were fabricated to measure the electromagnetic properties of the material. From the numerical simulation, the introduced SM design manifested quadruple resonance frequencies in multi bands precisely at 1.246 (at L-band), 3.052, 3.794 (at S-band), and 4.858 (C-band) GHz. However, the comparison of numerically simulated and measured data reveals a slight difference between them where only the second resonance frequency was decreased by 0.009 GHz while other frequencies were increased by 0.002, 0.045, and 0.117 GHz in sequential order. Moreover, the SAR analysis recorded high values at 3.794 GHz with 61.16% and 70.33% for 1 g and 10 g of tissue volumes, respectively. Overall, our results demonstrate strong SAR reduction effects, and the proposed SM design may be considered a promising aspect in the telecommunication field.

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Specific absorption rate reduction of multi split square ring metamaterial for L- and S-band application

Cited by 50 publications

References 19 publications

A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

A Triple-Band Antenna With a Metamaterial Slab for Gain Enhancement and Specific Absorption Rate (Sar) Reduction

State‐of‐art design aspects of wearable, mobile, and flexible antennas for modern communication wireless systems

Reduction of 5G cellular network radiation in wireless mobile phone using an asymmetric square shaped passive metamaterial design

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