Specific and quantitative detection of Human polyomaviruses BKPyV and JCPyV in the healthy Pakistani population

Abstract

BackgroundThe BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) and JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) infections are widespread in human population and have been associated with severe kidney and brain disorders, respectively. The viruses remain latent primarily in reno-urinary tract, reactivating only in case of a compromised immune system. The seroepidemiology and molecular prevalence of BKPyV and JCPyV have been widely studied both in healthy and immunocompromised patients worldwide. However, data regarding the prevalence of these viruses in the immunocompetent or apparently healthy Pakistani population is lacking. Herein, we present the first ever report on quantitative prevalence of BKPyV and JCPyV in the peripheral blood of a randomly selected cohort of healthy Pakistani population.MethodsA total of 266 whole blood samples were examined. The subjects were divided into three age groups: ≤ 25 years (young), 26–50 years (middle) and ≥ 51 years (elder). Absolute real time PCR assay was designed to quantify the BKPyV and JCPyV viral copy numbers in the range of 106 to 100 copies/mL.ResultsOverall, BKPyV was detected in 27.1% (72/266) individuals while JCPyV in 11.6% (31/266) indicating significant difference (p < 0.005) in the distribution of these two viruses. The prevalence of BKPyV significantly decreased from 51% (49/96) in young age group to 8.2% (7/85) in eldest age group. Whereas, JCPyV positivity rate slightly increased from 8.3% (8/96) in young age group to 11.8% (10/85) in elder age group. The median viral load was calculated as 6.2 log and 3.38 log copies/mL of blood for BKPyV and JCPyV, respectively. Notably, no significant difference in viral load of either of the subtypes was found between different age groups.ConclusionThe current study provides an important baseline data on the prevalence and viral load of circulating BKPyV and JCPyV in Pakistani population. The prevalence and viral load of BKPyV was comparatively higher than JCPyV. The prevalence of BKPyV significantly decreased with increase in age while JCPyV positivity rate slightly increased with increasing age. Viral load of both BKPyV and JCPyV was not correlated with the individual ages.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0752-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prevalence of JC and BK viruses in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis

“…In Kuwait, 2013, the prevalence of infection with polyomaviruses including JCV and BKV among healthy kidney donors reported to be 42% using semi nested-PCR (Chehadeh et al, 2013). In Pakistan, 2017 the BKV and JCV was detected in 27.1% and 11.6% of healthy individuals respectively using real time PCR (Hussain et al, 2017). Furthermore, Vanchiere et al in the USA, detected the BKV and JVC in 8% and 9% of stool specimens of healthy individuals using PCR method (Vanchiere et al, 2009).…”

Detection of BK and JC polyomaviruses in sewage water of the urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan

“…Our assay detected these viruses in all the sampling points. The possible reasons for this high detection rate could be the dense population and high prevalence of these viruses in the Pakistani population as described previously (Hussain et al 2017 ). Moreover, it has been described that the detection rate of BKPyV and JCPyV varies greatly depending on the geographical regions, types of sample, and technique used.…”

“…A forward primer 5'-AATATTATGCCCAGCACACATG-'3 and a reverse primer 5'-CTTTCCCTCTGATCTACACCAG-'3 were used to amplify 171 bps of the Lt-Ag region of BKPyV. Similarly, a pair of forward primer 5'-AGAGTGTTGGGATCCTGTGTTT-'3 and reverse primer 5'-TTGCAGGGCATTTTGTTTTTTAC-'3 were used to amplify the 177 bps region of LT-Ag of JCPyV (Hussain et al 2017 ). PCR was performed in a thermal cycler (applied B® 2720 thermal cycler) using the following optimized conditions: initial denaturation of DNA at 95 °C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles at 95 °C for 30 s, 57 °C for 45 s and 72 °C for 45 s and final extension at 72 °C for 10 min.…”

Biliary Migration, Colonization, and Pathogenesis of O. viverrini Co-Infected with CagA+ Helicobacter pylori

“…Whole blood (250 μL per animal) was lysed repeatedly in red blood cell lysis buffer (0.32 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris HCL, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.75% Triton-X-100) until white pellet was obtained [ 16 ]. Whole bile fluid was centrifuged at 5000× g for 5 min at 4 °C.…”

“…Whole blood (250 µL per animal) was lysed repeatedly in red blood cell lysis buffer (0.32 M sucrose, 10 mM Tris HCL, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.75% Triton-X-100) until white pellet was obtained [16]. Whole bile fluid was centrifuged at 5000× g for 5 min at 4 • C. Blood and bile pellets, 1 g of stomach tissue and whole worm samples were used for DNA extraction using the standard phenol-chloroform method [17].…”