Specific Yield Analysis of the Rooftop PV Systems Located in South-Eastern Poland

Abstract

In the last few years, Poland has experienced a significant increase in photovoltaic (PV) installations. A noticeable contribution to this dynamic growth belongs to the prosumers. This paper presents the energy efficiency analysis of nine prosumers’ PV installations located in South-Eastern Poland. Eight of the systems are grid-connected and one is a hybrid (PV with the energy storage). New technology modules with efficiencies between 19% and 21%, as well as various PV system configurations related to orientation and tilt, were taken into consideration. Final yields were found and a financial assessment was presented. The average annual specific yield of all analyzed PV systems was found to be 990.2 kWh/kWp. The highest ratio of yearly energy production was noted for the system of bifacial monocrystalline silicon modules with 20.3% efficiency (1102.9 kWh/kWp). Median and maximum yields obtained by this system for the best insolation month (June 2021) were 6.64 kWh/kWp and 7.88 kWh/kWp respectively. The annual specific yield of other systems ranged between 868.8 kWh/kWp and 1075.5 kWh/kWp in dependency on module efficiency, system orientation, or tilt angle. The amount of energy produced in the summer half-year was found to be significantly higher (between 76% and 83% depending on the system) than in the winter period. The self-consumption ratio of the energy produced by the PV system installed for company prosumers ranged from about 50% in the summer months to almost 97% in winter. The payback period was below 8 years with the levelized cost of electricity equal to 0.14 €/kWh.

Technical, Economic, and Environmental Feasibility Assessment of Grid‐Connected Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems with Different Tracking Models in Hefei, China

“…The specific annual yield ( Y s ) refers to the amount of energy generated per unit of PV module capacity in a year, which is calculated as follows: [ 30,33,34 ] where E g represents the power generation (kWh) and C m represents the PV module capacity (kW p ).…”

“…The specific annual yield (Y s ) refers to the amount of energy generated per unit of PV module capacity in a year, which is calculated as follows: [30,33,34]…”

A domestic rooftop PV system: a step towards retrofitting the built environment to combat climate change in Bahrain

“…In Qatar (Abdallaha et al, 2015), on average, it was 5.5 kWh/kW/day. In Poland (Gulkowski, 2022), for July and August 2021, the highest median value of SY was 5.3 kWh/kW p /day, and the maximum SY was 7.0 kWh/kW p /day. For this house under study (House 4 #108), the maximum SY per day was 6.12 kWh/kW p , which is less than the Polish value, because in their work the panels were facing south with a tilt angle of 20 °(Poland's latitude is 35 °N) and made of Longi Solar LR6-60HPH, efficiency 19.3%.…”

“…The specific yield (SY) (final yield) (kWh/kW p ) is usually calculated from the energy output E AC (daily, monthly, or yearly) divided by the rated power output P PV , rated (W p ) of the PV system (Gulkowski, 2022). The energy output, herein, is calculated as the amount of AC (alternating current) power produced by the system over a given period of time.…”

Increasing Energy Self-Consumption in Residential Photovoltaic Systems

“…Nowadays systems with PV panels and heat pumps (HPs) of various types are the most dynamically developing sector in RES technologies. Especially PV energy is getting more interest worldwide and in UE as a source of cheap, environmentally friendly and clean energy [1,5]. In 2021, 18.7% of the total capacity in PV globally, which corresponds to 158 GW, was installed in EU [6].…”