Specification and DNA Barcoding of Thai Traditional Remedy for Chronic Kidney Disease: Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than

Abstract

The Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than (TS) remedy, a Thai traditional medicine, is officially recorded in Tamra Paetsart Sonkrau Chabub Anurak for its capabilities in treating kidney deficiency. TS remedy is composed of three fruit species—Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa., Coriandrum sativum L., and Morinda citrifolia L.—in an equal part by weight. The quality of the raw material is one of the essential factors that can affect the effectiveness and safety of treatment by herbal remedy. The pharmacognostic evaluation and DNA barcode of the three fruit species and TS remedy were performed in this study to authenticate them from contamination, and to provide the scientific database for further uses. Macroscopic and microscopic examination, chemical profile by TLC, and DNA barcoding were employed to positively identify the raw materials bought from the herbal market, especially the powder form. Consequently, the outcomes of this investigation can be used to develop an essential and effective tool for the authentication of crude drugs and herbal remedies.

Gastroprotective effects of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than herbal remedy on multiple gastric ulcer models in rats

“…The major aims of the tests are to verify that the plant materials are taxonomically authentic and to control the chemical components in the sample by HPLC fingerprint [ 27 ]. Furthermore, from the physico-chemical analysis, all specification parameters were consistent with those of the previous report [ 28 ], and may indicate the acceptable quality of TS according to Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2018 [ 27 ]. From phytochemical screening tests, TS was found to contain flavonoids and phenolic components.…”

“…In the current study, the plant material identification and chemical profiles of TS were carried out with quality control methods as described in the previous study [ 28 ]. Herbal quality control is a very important step to maintain the quality of herbs and natural products [ 74 ].…”

“…Quality control of these plant materials were determined by defining their morphology and pharmacognostic properties according to the methods described in Thai Herbal Pharmacopoeia 2018 [ 27 ]. For plant identification, DNA barcoding analysis was performed using the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene ITS regions, including the ITS2 intergenic area and three plastid regions (i.e., matK , trnH-psbA and rbcL ) as previously reported by Thariwong et al (2021) [ 28 ]. Chemical profiles were also carried out as declared in the previous study of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than remedy [ 28 ].…”

“…For plant identification, DNA barcoding analysis was performed using the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene ITS regions, including the ITS2 intergenic area and three plastid regions (i.e., matK , trnH-psbA and rbcL ) as previously reported by Thariwong et al (2021) [ 28 ]. Chemical profiles were also carried out as declared in the previous study of Pikad Tri-phol-sa-mut-than remedy [ 28 ].…”

“…Physico-chemical analysis of TS was conducted following the methods described by Thariwong et al (2021) [ 28 ]. Physico-chemical assessment of TS including total ash, acid-insoluble ash, and volatile oil, was carried out.…”