Specificity of Exercise and Specificity of Training: A Subcellular Review

McCafferty, William B.; Horvath, Steven M.

doi:10.1080/10671315.1977.10615433

Cited by 36 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…DT training requires more motor and cognitive resources than ST training, and in turn, it probably trains attentional control, resource allocation and/or task automation. the summary of the results of DT training programmes gives evidence that some training programmes (GDT and SDT) which showed the most benefits on motor and cognitive DT performance) follow the principle of specificity [45] The Specificity Principle states that training must be conducted from highly general training to highly specific training. It also implies that improvements in a particular exercise or skill are task specific and a result of training or performing that specific exercise or skill.…”

Section: Effects On Motor Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Training effects on motor–cognitive dual-task performance in older adults

Wollesen

Voelcker‐Rehage

2013

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

162

152

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This systematic review investigated whether healthy older adults benefit from training interventions in motor-cognitive dual-task (DT) situations and which specific aspects of the intervention and/or task selection contribute to training benefits. Training effects were analysed with regard to the training programme (e.g., general ST or DT training) and task conditions (e.g., standing or walking, complexity of secondary cognitive task). Literature was searched via OVIDsp (Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO). DT studies were included by the following criteria: (1) investigation of at least one motor task, (2) assessment of DT performance outcomes on standing or walking, (3) conduction of an intervention, and (4) investigation of older adults in an experimental-control group design or an old-young comparison. Thirteen studies met all inclusion criteria. Four types of interventions were identified: (1) general single-task (ST) motor training, (2) specific ST motor training, (3) general DT training, and (4) task-related (specific) DT training. For DT standing conditions only DT interventions improved motor performance, whereas DT walking also benefits by ST training. Most benefits on motor and cognitive performance seem to be reached by DT training interventions whereas a GST produced lowest effects. Thus, balance orientated motor and cognitive DT performance in healthy older adults can be improved by performance related exercises. Furthermore, to reach beneficial effects, it seems necessary that the training intervention includes a certain level of exercise load such as rising difficulties, appropriate intensity and duration, a certain level of task specificity, and variable task prioritization. The transfer of training effects into everyday situations needs to be further investigated.

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Section: Effects On Motor Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Training effects on motor–cognitive dual-task performance in older adults

Wollesen

Voelcker‐Rehage

2013

Eur Rev Aging Phys Act

162

152

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“…A key question in developing optimal physical training programs for units with a major load carriage missions is the amount of road marching to include into the total program. Some road marching is probably needed to meet specificity requirements (35) while excessive marching may be costly in terms of training time and increased risk of injury (27,33). Thus, the purpose of the present study was to examine the monthly frequency of load carriage training needed to improve performance on a strenuous road march.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Loaded Road March Training and Performance on a Loaded Road March

Knapik¹,

Bahrke²,

Staab³

et al. 1990

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“…As previously stated and in accordance with Winters et al 11 , when a muscular group is stretched, the antagonists contract. Therefore, the standing active stretching performed might have caused neural adaptations which controlled the level of tension of the muscle, the number of active motor units, the frequency and synchrony of activation between them 26 . The peak isokinetic flexor torque increased likewise during the eccentric and concentric contractions, at a speed of 30º/s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This increased the activity of the quadriceps and the knee flexors by co-contraction, to maintain the posture 25 . Considering the principle of specificity 26,27 , a training program produces physiological adaptations in the muscles, which are being trained in response to the stimuli of the exercise that has been performed. Accordingly, the specificity of a stretching program is related to increases of the knee extensor and flexor isometric torques.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efeitos do alongamento ativo excêntrico dos músculos flexores do joelho na amplitude de movimento e torque

Batista

Camargo

Oishi

et al. 2008

Rev. bras. fisioter.

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Objective: To evaluate the changes in knee range of motion (ROM) and torque of knee flexor and extensor muscles after an active eccentric stretching program for the knee flexor muscles. Methods: Thirty-four volunteers (23 women and 11 men), aged 34.42±9.3 years, performed an active eccentric stretching program for the knee flexor muscles in the standing posture, consisting of seven repetitions of one minute each, with 30 seconds of resting between them. The stretching program was performed twice a week, for four weeks. Knee extension ROM and the torque of the knee flexor and extensor muscles were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer before and after the stretching program. The torque was evaluated in the isometric, isokinetic concentric and eccentric modes at 30°/s and 60°/s. Results: There was an increase in ROM from 53.7±13° to 30.1±16° (p=0.0001), in isometric torque of the flexors from 89±32Nm to 93±33Nm (p=0.01) and of the extensors from 178±67Nm to 187±73Nm (p=0.006). The concentric and eccentric torque of the flexors at 30°/s increased from 90±31Nm to 96±31Nm (p=0.001) and from 100±34Nm to 105±35Nm (p=0.01), respectively.The concentric torque of the extensors at 60°/s increased from 144±51Nm to 151±58Nm (p=0.02), and the eccentric torque at 30°/s increased from 175±71Nm to 189±73Nm (p=0.01). Conclusions: The stretching program proposed was effective for increasing the flexibility of the stretched muscles and the torque of the agonist (stretched) muscle groups and their antagonists.Key words: active eccentric stretching; flexibility; torque; ROM; knee flexors. ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar a amplitude de movimento (ADM) e o torque flexor e extensor do joelho após a realização de um programa de alongamento ativo excêntrico dos músculos flexores do joelho. Materiais e métodos: Trinta e quatro voluntários (23 mulheres e 11 homens), 34,42±9,3 anos, realizaram um programa de alongamento ativo excêntrico dos músculos flexores do joelho na postura em pé, que consistiu de sete repetições de um minuto com 30 segundos de descanso entre as repetições. O programa de alongamento foi realizado duas vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas. A ADM de extensão e o torque flexor e extensor do joelho foram avaliados no dinamômetro isocinético pré e pós-programa de alongamento. O torque foi avaliado nos modos isométrico e isocinético concêntrico e excêntrico a 30°/s e 60°/s. Resultados: Houve aumento na ADM de 53,7±13° para 30,1±16° (p=0,0001), no torque isométrico flexor de 89±32Nm para 93±33Nm (p=0,01) e extensor de 178±67Nm para 187±73Nm (p=0,006). O torque flexor concêntrico e excêntrico a 30°/s aumentou de 90±31Nm para 96±31Nm (p=0,001) e de 100±34Nm para 105±35Nm (p=0,01), respectivamente. O torque extensor concêntrico a 60°/s aumentou de 144±51Nm para 151±58Nm (p=0,02) e o excêntrico a 30°/s de 175±71Nm para 189±73Nm (p=0,01).Conclusões: O programa de alongamento proposto foi efetivo para aumentar a flexibilidade dos músculos alongados e torque dos grupos musculares agonistas (alongados) e seus antagonistas.Pala...

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Specificity of Exercise and Specificity of Training: A Subcellular Review

Cited by 36 publications

References 94 publications

Training effects on motor–cognitive dual-task performance in older adults

Training effects on motor–cognitive dual-task performance in older adults

Frequency of Loaded Road March Training and Performance on a Loaded Road March

Efeitos do alongamento ativo excêntrico dos músculos flexores do joelho na amplitude de movimento e torque

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