Spectral CT imaging: Technical principles of dual-energy CT and multi-energy photon-counting CT

Greffier, Joël; Villani, Nicolas; Defez, Didier; Dabli, Djamel; Si‐Mohamed, Salim

doi:10.1016/j.diii.2022.11.003

Cited by 117 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Therefore, the residual noise in the signal can be described as shot noise derived from the incoming photon statistics. The detector pixel size, typically ranging from 0.125 to 0.5 mm is defined by the size of the anode pads, which can be designed much smaller than in scintillating detectors as there is no need for optically non-transparent separation layers in semiconductors 4–6 . However, charge-sharing between neighboring pixels and the finite focal spot size of the x-ray tube sets a limit for the minimum reasonable pixel size, whereas pulse pile-up impacts the maximum detector pixel size.…”

Section: System Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Color K-edge imaging places the energy bin boundaries in close proximity to the K-edge energies of elements, defined as the binding energy between the inner electronic layer and the atom. This means that the contrast agent can be identified specifically and quantitatively, allowing concomitant specific imaging of K-edge contrast agents like gold and gadolinium and their differentiation from surrounding tissue and non-K-edge contrast agents such as iodine-based agents 1,5,64–82 . This new approach may be an advantage for exploring new approaches such as for performing a biphasic organ CT imaging by providing simultaneously a specific enhancement after a consecutive injection of iodine- and gadolinium-based contrast agents 71 or for performing a molecular CT imaging by monitoring the macrophage burden within the high-risk atherosclerotic plaques 70 .…”

Section: Clinical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This means that the contrast agent can be identified specifically and quantitatively, allowing concomitant specific imaging of K-edge contrast agents like gold and gadolinium and their differentiation from surrounding tissue and non-K-edge contrast agents such as iodine-based agents. 1,5,[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82] This new approach may be an advantage for exploring new approaches such as for performing a biphasic organ CT imaging by providing simultaneously a specific enhancement after a consecutive injection of iodine-and gadolinium-based contrast agents 71 or for performing a molecular CT imaging by monitoring the macrophage burden within the high-risk atherosclerotic plaques. 70 Despite the multiple preclinical studies taking advantage of color K-edge imaging, translation in humans still has to be developed.…”

Section: Color K-edge Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Experience With a Whole-Body Spectral Photon-Counting CT Clinical Prototype

et al. 2023

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Spectral photon-counting computed tomography (SPCCT) technology holds great promise for becoming the next generation of computed tomography (CT) systems. Its technical characteristics have many advantages over conventional CT imaging. For example, SPCCT provides better spatial resolution, greater dose efficiency for ultra-low-dose and low-dose protocols, and tissue contrast superior to that of conventional CT. In addition, SPCCT takes advantage of several known approaches in the field of spectral CT imaging, such as virtual monochromatic imaging and material decomposition imaging. In addition, SPCCT takes advantage of a new approach in this field, known as K-edge imaging, which allows specific and quantitative imaging of a heavy atom-based contrast agent. Hence, the high potential of SPCCT systems supports their ongoing investigation in clinical research settings. In this review, we propose an overview of our clinical research experience of a whole-body SPCCT clinical prototype, to give an insight into the potential benefits for clinical human imaging on image quality, diagnostic confidence, and new approaches in spectral CT imaging.

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Section: System Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Clinical Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Color K-edge Imagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First Experience With a Whole-Body Spectral Photon-Counting CT Clinical Prototype

et al. 2023

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“…in chronic, slowly developing diseases such as dementia. However, novel spectral or dual-energy CT ( Greffier et al, 2022 ) – imaging at high and low x-ray photon energies - particularly photon-counting CT, show promise in improving pCT sensitivity compared to conventional CT ( Li et al, 2020 ; Greffier et al, 2022 ). Although the improvements in spatial resolution and noise discrimination (from lower x-ray energies) capabilities of spectral CT devices that might enable its use in BBB imaging are still an active area of technology development ( Greffier et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction: A state-of-the-art review from a clinical perspective

Moyaert

Padrela

Morgan

et al. 2023

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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The blood-brain barrier (BBB) consists of specialized cells that tightly regulate the in- and outflow of molecules from the blood to brain parenchyma, protecting the brain’s microenvironment. If one of the BBB components starts to fail, its dysfunction can lead to a cascade of neuroinflammatory events leading to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Preliminary imaging findings suggest that BBB dysfunction could serve as an early diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for a number of neurological diseases. This review aims to provide clinicians with an overview of the emerging field of BBB imaging in humans by answering three key questions: (1. Disease) In which diseases could BBB imaging be useful? (2. Device) What are currently available imaging methods for evaluating BBB integrity? And (3. Distribution) what is the potential of BBB imaging in different environments, particularly in resource limited settings? We conclude that further advances are needed, such as the validation, standardization and implementation of readily available, low-cost and non-contrast BBB imaging techniques, for BBB imaging to be a useful clinical biomarker in both resource-limited and well-resourced settings.

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“…Computed tomography (CT) technology has advanced in the past decades, improving image quality while lowering patient radiation exposure [ 1 ]. Current CT scanners have evolved into spectral CT, such as dual-source spectral CT (DSCT), which was released by Siemens in 2006 [ 2 ], as well as dual-layer CT scanners and fast kV switching CT scanners, released by Philips and GE or Toshiba, respectively [ 3 ]. Siemens dual-source CT scanners yield spectral information and use two different voltages on each X-ray tube, with an associated beam filtration to yield the spectral information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Quality Analysis of Photon-Counting CT Compared with Dual-Source CT: A Phantom Study for Chest CT Examinations

et al. 2023

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A comparison was made between the image quality of a photon-counting CT (PCCT) and a dual-source CT (DSCT). The evaluation of image quality was performed using a Catphan CT phantom, and the physical metrics, such as the noise power spectrum and task transfer function, were measured for both PCCT and DSCT at three CT dose indices (1, 5 and 10 mGy). Polyenergetic and virtual monoenergetic reconstructions were used to evaluate the performance differences by simulating a Gaussian spot with a radius of 5 mm and calculating the detectability index. The highest iterative reconstruction level was able to decrease the noise by about 70% compared with the filtered back projection using a parenchyma reconstruction kernel. The PCCT task transfer functions remained constant, while those of the DSCT increased with the reconstruction strength level. At monoenergetic 70 keV, a 50% decrease in noise was observed for DSCT with image smoothing, while PCCT had the same 50% decrease in noise without any smoothing. The PCCT detectability index at a reconstruction strength level of two was equivalent to the highest level of ADMIRE 5 for DSCT. The PCCT showed its superiority over the DSCT, especially for lung nodule detection.

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Spectral CT imaging: Technical principles of dual-energy CT and multi-energy photon-counting CT

Cited by 117 publications

References 109 publications

First Experience With a Whole-Body Spectral Photon-Counting CT Clinical Prototype

First Experience With a Whole-Body Spectral Photon-Counting CT Clinical Prototype

Imaging blood-brain barrier dysfunction: A state-of-the-art review from a clinical perspective

Image Quality Analysis of Photon-Counting CT Compared with Dual-Source CT: A Phantom Study for Chest CT Examinations

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