Spectral Doppler Interrogation of the Pulmonary Veins for the Diagnosis of Cardiac Disorders: A Comprehensive Review

An Unusual Case of Pulmonary Vein Stenosis Diagnosed With Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography

“…Assessment of PV flow is usually done by PW Doppler using a sample volume of 2 to 4 mm, which should be placed centrally and 1 to 2 cm into the PV. 5 In the presence of turbulent flow, the sample should be placed at the site of turbulence, and should be of larger volume (4 mm) to allow for a wider range of velocities on the spectral display. Continuous wave Doppler could have the advantage of displaying high velocities unambiguously.…”

Flujo venoso pulmonar con ecocardiografía transesofágica intraoperatoria durante cirugía cardíaca

“…Las mediciones del doppler de las Pv útiles incluyen la velocidad máxima de las ondas S, D y A, la relación de velocidad máxima S/D y la duración de la onda A [7].…”

Bedside assessment of left atrial pressure in critical care: a multifaceted gem

“…The V waves are passive atrial filling waves and occur during ventricular systole. The other peak, the A wave, is the left atrial pressure wave that follows active atrial contraction [ 7 , 8 ]. The relationship between the left atrial pressures and left ventricular pressures is illustrated in Fig.…”

“…the normal blood flow is both phasic and bidirectional [ 7 ]. Doppler analysis reveals four distinct waves of flow [ 8 ]. See Fig.…”

“…Near the end of diastole, atrial contraction occurs, resulting in a significant pressure difference between the LA and pulmonary vein creating a retrograde A wave into the pulmonary vein. This pulmonary vein Doppler A wave is related in time to the transmitral Doppler A wave and the LA pressure A wave [ 7 , 8 ].

Fig.

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