Spectrophotometric assays for evaluation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in serum: general concepts and applications in dogs and humans

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are reactive compounds derived from oxygen. In biological systems, an excessive amount of ROS can cause oxidative damage to biological macromolecules being involved in different diseases. Several assays have been developed in the last 30 years for ROS evaluation. The objective of this article will be to provide an update about the spectrophotometric methods currently used in the assessment of ROS in serum. The chemical basis of four different techniques will be reviewed, and examples of their possible applications will be provided. A particular emphasis about the practical applications of these assays in the dog will be made, but selected information about their use in humans will also be presented for comparative purposes, following a One-Health approach. The information about the spectrophotometric assays presented in this paper should be interpreted with caution once limited information about them is available yet, and further studies should be performed to clarify what they measure and their clinical application. Ideally, when applied to evaluate a sample’s oxidative status, they should be incorporated in a panel of analytes where other oxidants, antioxidants, and biomarkers of inflammation were also included.

Responses of promyelocytic leukemia HL60 cells as an inflammatory cell lineage model to silica microparticles used to coat blood collection tubes

“…ROS cause direct damage to the plasma membrane and DNA, thereby inducing cell death and tumor formation [ 17 – 19 ]. Given that the half-life of major ROS is relatively short (O •− 2 and 1 O 2 : 10 –6 s, OH • : 10 –9 s) [ 20 ], it is conjected that their detrimental effects are limited to cells that come into immediate contact with silica MPs. Theoretically, it is considered less probable that ROS would diffuse from the site of production and cause significant damage to neighboring or more distant cells within a few microseconds.…”

Hormesis and Oxidative Distress: Pathophysiology of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Open Question of Antioxidant Modulation and Supplementation

“…Among them, some species are free radicals but not ions (e.g., hydroxyl radical HO • ), some species are ions but not free radicals (e.g., hydroxyl ion, OH − ), others are both free radicals and ions (e.g., superoxide anion O 2 • − ) [ 1 ]. Free radicals are characterised by reactivity towards other chemicals, which leads to their biological activity and depends on their half-life [ 2 ].…”

Nutritional Modulation of the Immune Response Mediated by Nucleotides in Canine Leishmaniosis

“…Clinical staging, either following the LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of CanL [7] or the guidelines for the treatment of leishmaniasis in dogs [40], is also a very useful tool, especially during patient monitoring [41], as clinical evolution can have an impact on the prognosis and influence the efficacy of a particular treatment protocol. In an attempt to optimize the detection of infected dogs and to improve the way CanL patients are diagnosed and monitored, several innovative techniques have been developed over the past few years, such as parasite detection and measurement of other immune system biomarkers from saliva samples [42][43][44][45]. Furthermore, it is also expected that in the future, more widespread use of serum measurement of circulating immune complexes will contribute to improving diagnosis, evaluation of disease progression, and monitoring response to treatment [46].…”