Spent NiMH batteries: Characterization and metal recovery through mechanical processing

Bertuol, Daniel Assumpção; Bernardes, Andréa Moura; Tenório, Jorge Alberto Soares

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.02.091

Cited by 68 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The amount of rare earth elements was higher in the investigated cylindrical NiMH battery (58.8%) than in the cell phone NiMH batteries (43.1-53.4%) and AB5 battery (16.4%), and was comparable with that in monazite (Pietrelli et al, 2005). The Zr content found in this study was lower than that in the anode of AB2 (39%); the Cd content was smaller than that in the electrodes of the cell phone NiMH batteries (~10-12%) (Bertuol et al (2006)). The Ti (0.186%) and Cr (0.0115%) contents were both lower than those in the AB2.…”

Section: Metal Contents Of Individual Componentssupporting

confidence: 48%

“…The percentages (6-10%) of REEs (Ce, La, Nd, and Pr) found in the German batteries were lower than that found for the Taiwanese cylindrical cell (17.3%) (Ce, La, and Y). Table 5 shows the electrode active metal compositions of the cylindrical NiMH battery investigated in this study and those of different batteries reported in previous works (AB5 and AB2 batteries [Pietrelli et al, 2005] and cell phone NiMH batteries [Bertuol et al, 2006[Bertuol et al, , 2009). It is interesting to note that Co, Ni, Mn, and REEs are the common electrode active materials for the cylindrical NiMH, AB5, AB2, and cell phone NiMH batteries.…”

Section: Metal Contents Of Individual Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Before 1992, NiCd batteries accounted for most of the market for portable rechargeable batteries. In 1992, around half of the NiCd batteries in the world were replaced by NiMH batteries, due to the issue of Cd toxicity (Rydh and Svärd, 2003), as well as the better performance (e.g., larger energy density and absence of memory effect) of NiMH batteries (Bertuol et al, 2006). In the European Union (EU), sales of NiMH batteries increased from <6,000 to~10,000 tons from 1999 to 2003 (Müller and Friedrich, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bertuol et al (2006) investigated the chemical composition of spent NiMH batteries and metal recovery through mechanical processing, and found that while magnetic separation is an efficient way to recover nickel alloy, there is still a problem with regard to cadmium contamination. Hydrometallurgical methods can also be used to recover metals from batteries, and acid leaching may be used to extract metals from spent NiMH and NiCd batteries (Pietrelli et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Lin

Huang

Wang

et al. 2015

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Valuable metal materials can be recovered from spent nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. However, little attention has been paid to the metal compositions of individual components of NiMH batteries, although this is important for the selection of the appropriate recycling process. In this study, NiMH batteries were manually disassembled to identify the components and to characterize the metals in each of these. A preliminary economic analysis was also conducted to evaluate the recovery of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries using thermal melting versus simple mechanical separation. The results of this study show that metallic components account for more than 60% of battery weight. The contents of Ni, Fe, Co, and rare earth elements (REEs) (i.e., valuable metals of interest for recovery) in a single battery were 17.9%, 15.4%, 4.41%, and 17.3%, respectively. Most of the Fe was in the battery components of the steel cathode collector, cathode cap, and anode metal grid, while Ni (>90%) and Co (>90%) were mainly in the electrode active materials (anode and cathode metal powders). About 1.88 g of REEs (Ce, La, and Y) could be obtained from one spent NiMH battery. The estimated profits from recovering valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries by using thermal melting and mechanical processes are 2,329 and 2,531 USD/ton, respectively, when including a subsidy of 1,710 USD/ton. The findings of this study are very useful for further research related to technical and economic evaluations of the recovery of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries.Implications: The spent nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries were manually disassembled and their components were identified. The metals account for more than 60% of battery weight, when Ni, Fe, Co, and rare earth elements (REEs) were 17.9%, 15.4%, 4.41%, and 17.3%, respectively, in a single battery. The estimated profits of recovering valuable metals from NiMH batteries by using thermal melting and mechanical processing are 2,329 and 2,531 USD/ton, respectively, when including a subsidy of 1,710 USD/ton. These findings are very useful to develop or select the recovery methods of valuable metals from spent NiMH batteries.PAPER HISTORY

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Section: Metal Contents Of Individual Componentssupporting

confidence: 48%

Section: Metal Contents Of Individual Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Lin

Huang

Wang

et al. 2015

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Existem ainda alguns processos de recuperação de metais sendo desenvolvidos em escala de laboratório (30,31,32,33) . (5) Difusão dos produtos para a solução (34) .…”

Section: Recupylunclassified

Reciclagem de baterias de íon de Li: condicionamento físico e extração do Co.

Takahashi¹

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The fast changes in technologies applied to mobile phones causes an incredible appearance of new and even better models each day. As a consequence, each year increase the amounts of waste of electronic and electric equipments including batteries that should be disposed of. The goal of the present work is to study methods of physical conditioning and acid leaching of Li-ion batteries. Hand disassembling Li-ion batteries was performed to identify and characterize the components of scrap Li-ion batteries. Materials extracted form the electrodes were characterized using X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS micro-probe. Leaching tests were carried out using the following parameters: pH (3 -5), temperature (25 and 50 ºC), solid/liquid ratio equal to 1/5, leaching time (1 to 4h). Sulfuric acid, chloridric acid and nitric acid were tested as leaching media. Hydrogen peroxide was tested as an oxidizing agent during leaching tests using sulfuric acid. The results obtained showed that knives mill presented better results to grind the scraps in comparison to hammer and balls mills. Ultrasonic treatment was effective to release the active cell materials from copper and aluminum. Decreasing pH from 5 to 3, and increasing the temperature from 25 to 50ºC cause the increasing of the leaching rate of cobalt oxide. Oxidizing conditions also increase the rate of cobalt oxide leaching. Nitric acid and sulfuric acid plus hydrogen peroxide leaching results in better leaching rates compared to chloridric acid and sulfuric acid.

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Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt from Spent NiMH Batteries by Electrowinning

et al. 2012

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For nickel and cobalt recovery from spent NiMH batteries by electrowinning, the effect of different electrowinning parameters as boric acid concentration, temperature, current density, and pH were studied using different synthetic solutions. The optimized operational parameters were applied in an electrowinning test with a solution achieved by leaching the electrodes of NiMH batteries. The electrowinning tests were performed galvanostatically in a two‐compartment cell separated by an anionic membrane. A platinum/iridium‐coated titanium anode and a stainless‐steel cathode were used. A sodium sulfate solution served as anolyte. The results demonstrate the technical viability of nickel and cobalt recovery. The chemical composition of the obtained deposit presented high nickel and cobalt concentrations.

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Spent NiMH batteries: Characterization and metal recovery through mechanical processing

Cited by 68 publications

References 15 publications

Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Characterization of spent nickel–metal hydride batteries and a preliminary economic evaluation of the recovery processes

Reciclagem de baterias de íon de Li: condicionamento físico e extração do Co.

Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt from Spent NiMH Batteries by Electrowinning

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