“…Recent reviews and meta-analysis have, however, provided weak evidence for genetic benefits from polyandry (Slatyer, Mautz, Backwell, & Jennions, 2012) and few clear demonstrations of cryptic female choice (Firman et al, 2017). Whereas some studies on external fertilizers have reported increased fertilization success for the male whose sperm swims faster in the females' OF (e. g. Evans, Rosengrave, Gasparini, & Gemmell, 2013;Rosengrave, Montgomerie, & Gemmell, 2016;Lehnert, Butts, et al, 2017;Lehnert, Helou, Pitcher, Heath, & Heath, 2018), another study found no such relationship (Lehnert, Heath, Devlin, & Pitcher, 2017). Additionally, no effect of cryptic female choice on offspring fitness was documented in salmon (Salmo salar) reported by Lumley et al (2016).…”